Astronaut And Space Essays - Apollo Program, United States

Space explorer And Space On May 25, 1961, John F. Kennedy conveyed one of the most vital State of the Union locations throughout the entire existence of the United States. ?I accept that this country ought to invest in accomplishing the objective, before this decade is out, of handling a man on the Moon and returning him securely to the earth? (http://www.cs.umb.edu/jfklibrary, President John F. Kennedy's Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs). With those words, Kennedy propelled another period of room investigation in the United States. In spite of the fact that the National Aeronautics And Space Administration was made in 1958 by the National Aeronautics and Space Act (http://www.hq.nasa.gov, Key Documents), and the Russians previously propelled the principal satellite into space in 1957, the US was still at a stop regarding the matter. What the nation required was a reminder, and that is actually what it got from one of the most commended speakers in its history. The new period guarante ed a lot, however anticipated pretty much nothing. From USA's battle to be the predominant force to be reckoned with neglected War Era, to the imprudent consumption of characteristic assets in the Information Age, space investigation and space explorers were and will be the genuine keys to the new thousand years and past. Prior to investigating the future, or in any event, assessing the present, one must glance in detail at the historical backdrop of the space venture. The missions that gave researchers and specialists the essential information and experience to make new, more secure, increasingly solid and unpredictable hardware were propelled some time before there was sensible discuss sending tests to Mars. The space travelers that helped shape the preparation programs, took the beatings of crude flight tests, and kicked the bucket so as to serve their nation were conceived before World War II. Furthermore, even the Russian Space Program was vital to what the space program is today. It energized rivalry, and gave more assets to American architects. Until Apollo 11, they were in front of the Americans in nearly everyway, with their dispatch of Sputnik, an unmanned satellite in 1957, and their endless firsts in circling and space strolls. Yuri Gagarin was the principal man in space. Albeit the majority of the missions that have been propelled have been significant in their own particular manners, a few missions simply stick out, regardless of whether it was the initial step on the Moon, or the main strategic Mars. NASA's first prominent program was Project Mercury, a push to learn if people could make due in space. It was the preface to the later missions, and it gave NASA the vital information to assemble better, and progressively agreeable boats for people to remain in space for broadened timeframes. The primary dispatch of the Mercury program was the LJ-1 on August 21, 1959. At thirty-five minutes before dispatch, departure of the region had been continuing on time. Out of nowhere, 30 minutes before dispatch time, a touchy blaze happened. At the point when the smoke cleared it was obvious that lone the case and-tower mix had been propelled, on a direction like an off-the-cushion prematurely end (http://www.ksc.nasa.gov, Mercury: LJ-1). The principal somewhat effective shuttle dispatch happened September 9, 1959. In spite of the fact that the BJ-1 boat encountered a few issues, and the planning on a portion of the partition methods was off, the case made it back to earth around seven hours after lift-off. The case circled the earth for roughly thirteen minutes (Mercury: BJ-1). Mercury strategic 5 was the first to convey live life forms into sub-circle. Despite the fact that Enos - a chimpanzee, was not an ideal substitute for a human, he filled in as a decent test for the natural controls of the container. He circled the earth in all out weightlessness for more than three hours and after landing was in flawless state of being (Mercury: MA-5). On May 5, 1961, Freedom 7 was the primary dispatch to convey people into space. Alan B. Shepard, Jr. was the main crewmember, and the fruitful strategic for more than 15 minutes (Mercury: MR-3). Increasingly kept an eye on departures from the Mercury arrangement followed, featured by the Friendship 7, where on February 20, 1962, John Glenn was the principal American in real circle, and he circled the earth multiple times for a little under five hours (Mercury: MA-6). The last strategic the Mercury venture went ahead May

The Hidden Face free essay sample

Overwhelmed in foundation blazes, a face shows up with a stressing eye watching out to what lies past. My propelled craftsmanship venture alarmed my specialty instructor and caused a clarification that I nearly didnt realize I had. My experience had been loaded up with broken guarantees, startled hours, desolate evenings, horrible commotions, mean and terrible individuals, and an interminable feeling of obliteration that would make me stress each moment of the day. Occasionally it appeared as though everything and everybody was attempting to crush me. (My face, my capacity to see past those blazes) Consistently I wished those blazes would stop and let my face show up past what I have attempted to see. Day in, day out, a battle that was difficult to stop, for in the event that I did, the flares would before long take over everything that Ive such a long time accomplished. At long last a departure showed up and I have discovered boldness and capacity to experience the blazes and begin to figure out how I can keep the flares (of the past) behind me. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Hidden Face or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page That is when craftsmanship came into my life. It opened a fresh out of the box new face, a pristine foundation, and an entirely different goal. I started to see that life doesnt must be a replication of the past. I additionally could see that on the off chance that I needed my life to be better than my past I needed to work for it. In the previous year, Ive seen that my specialty was a start of a long and promising passage to what's to come. Ive seen what a man in my life, a man who I realize will stay by me, and will be there to satisfy my fantasies, can do. Ive seen that instruction is one of the zones that is critical to me, to have the option to confront the vocation I need to go in, to be a Graphic Designer and to be an Art Therapist. My comprehension of what Ive seen and experienced is beyond what anybody would ever understand; to realize my life is to realize that the blazes (of my past) will possibly trouble me on the off chance that I let them.

Presence of Exim Bank in Saarc Region

History of SAARC The idea of setting up a provincial co-operational in the South Asian Region was first mooted by the late President of Bangladesh, Ziaur-Rahman on May 2, 1980. Prior to this, the possibility of territorial participation in South Asia was talked about in meetings of Asian Regional gathering, New Delhi in April 1947, the Baguio Conference in Philippines in May 1950, and the Colombo Power Conference in April 1954. urther in the late 70s, SAARC countries consented to make an exchange alliance comprising of South Asian nations. The possibility of provincial participation in South Asia was again mooted in May 1980as an outcome, the remote secretaries of the seven nations met without precedent for Colombo in April 1981. The Committee of the Whole, which met in Colombo in August 1985, recognized five expansive territories for provincial cooperation.New regions of collaboration were included the next years. Henceforth the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC ) was made in 1985 with eight part nations in SAARC in particular Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It additionally has nine eyewitnesses, specifically China, EU, Iran, Republic of Korea, Australia, Japan, Mauritius, Myanmar and USA.The destinations of the Association as characterized in the Charter seem to be: * to advance the government assistance of the individuals of South Asia and to improve their personal satisfaction; * to quicken financial development, social advancement and social improvement in the district and to give all people the chance to live in poise and to understand their maximum capacity; * to advance and fortify particular confidence among the nations of South Asia; * to add to shared trust, comprehension and valuation for each other's issues; * to advance dynamic joint effort and common help with the monetary, social, social, specialized and logical fields; * to reinforce collaboration with other creating nations; * to fortify participation among themselves in worldwide gatherings on issues of basic intrigue; and * to help out universal and provincial associations with comparable points and purposes. The standards of SAARC are: * Respect for power, regional honesty, political correspondence and freedom of all individuals states * Non-impedance in the inside issues is one of its destinations * Cooperation for common advantage * All choices to be taken collectively and need a majority of every one of the eight individuals * All reciprocal issues to be kept aside and just multilateral(involving numerous nations) issues to be examined without being biased by two-sided issues Economic Agenda of SAARC The fundamental financial motivation of SAARC include: ) SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) The Agreement on SAPTA was marked on 11 April 1993 and went into power on 7 December 1995. The Agreement imagined advancing and continuing common exchange and financial participation inside the SAARC district through trade of concessions. b) South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) The Agreement on SAFTA was marked on 6 January 2004 during the Twelfth SAARC Summit in Islamabad. The Agreement went into power on 1 January 2006. c) South Asian Economic Union The Eleventh Summit (Kathmandu, 4-6 January 2002) gave further impulse to the local financial collaboration to offer impact to the common yearnings for an increasingly prosperous South Asia.At the Summit, the pioneers consented to quicken participation in the center regions of exchange, money and speculation to understand the objective of an incorporated South Asian economy in a bit by bit way. They additionally consented to the vision of a staged and arranged procedure in the long run prompting a South Asian Economic Union. Financial Profile of the SAARC Member Countries In Afghanistan, genuine residential item (GDP) is assessed to have arrived at 13. 9% in FY2007, attributable to a solid recuperation in horticultural creation. Ind ustry and administrations recorded powerful development of 13. 3% and 12. 4%, individually. Development was the principle driver of modern development. In Bangladesh, GDP development in FY2007 (finished June 2007) remained at 6. % supported by consistent extension in assembling and proceeded with lightness in administrations, on the base of rising local and outside interest. Secretariat of SAARC The Secretariat of SAARC is situated in Kathmandu has been built up on 16 January 1987 initiated by Late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal headed by a Secretary General. The Secretary General is designated by the Council of Ministers from Member Countries in sequential request for a term of three-years helped by the Professional and the General Services Staff, and furthermore a suitable number of useful units called Divisions alloted to Directors on nomination from Member States.The Secretariat has been depended with the capacity of coordination and checking the usage of exercises, orch estrating gatherings, and serveing as a channel of correspondence between the Association and its Member States just as other provincial associations. The setting up of SAARC Secretariat included inking a Memorandum of Understanding between the Foreign Ministers of part nations on 17 November 1986 at Bangalore, India which contained different provisos concerning the job, structure and organization of the SAARC Secretariat just as the forces of the Secretary-General. Provincial Centers of SAARC There are different local places built up by SAARC Secretariat in part states to guarantee smooth working of the SAARC functions.The territorial Centers covering Agriculture, Tuberculosis, Documentation, Meteorological research, and Human Resource Development have been set up in various SAARC capitals: SAIC (Dhaka, 1998) STC (Kathmandu, 1992) SDC (New Delhi, 1994) SMRC (Dhaka, 1995) SHRDC (Islamabad, 1999) SCC (Kandy, 2004) SCZMC (Male, 2004) and SIC (Kathmandu, 2004). Also, three new local co mmunities covering Culture, Coastal Zones Management, and Information are being built up. India-SAARC Relationship The nations of South Asia were constrained to fashion a local gathering because of general acknowledgment among the underdeveloped nations. †india with her experience of beginning endeavors to sort out the Asian people group ; the contentions in the area invited the activity of Bangladesh in 1980. for a relationship of south Asian to be specific India, Pakistan, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives. SAARC gives a stage to the people groups of south asia to cooperate in a feeling of fellowship , trust ; understanding . †it plans to quickened the procedure of financial ; social advancement in part states. †the underlying long stretches of SAARC were set apart by huge political advancements on the planet finishing in the destruction of cold war ; the disremberment of the soviet association. †consequently, when the proposition for the provincia l co-activity was made by bangladesh india couldn't dismiss the proposition. †as this local participation could assume a helpful job in india's own local approach. †india is the greatest with imparting the outskirts to each of the 6 nations of the locale. †from politicla to financial level, india and its neighbors have numerous debates. inida is additionally having the steady vote based system, has a solid military machine, a huge logical and specialized labor and an immense businesses framework makes it not the same as different nations. †the finish of cold war has given more noteworthy space to india to advance her impression of south Africa regionalism through SAARC. †india has become the core of saarc and in truth comprises the significant wellspring of both GDP, exchange and capital streams inside saarc/locale. †the hesitance of india and other south asian nations to transform saarc into discussion for settling major local questions hampers saarc c apacity to manage a significant number of the south asia's financial ; political issues. Mekong-Ganga Cooperation : it was built up on nov 10 2000 at vientiane in the first MGC ecclesiastical gathering. †it includes 6 individuals nations to be specific, thailand, myanmar,cambodia, lao PDR, vietnam ; india. †they emphses on 4 territories of collaboration , which are : the travel industry, culture, training , transportation linkages so as to be strong establishment for future exchange ; speculation participation in the area. Collaboration Mechanisms : †the working component for MGC comprises of the yearly ministrial meeting, the senior authority's gathering, 5 working gathering to be specific : * working gathering on the travel industry (thailand) * working gathering on instruction , HRD (india) * working gathering on culture (cambodia) working gathering on correspondence and transportation (lao PDR) * working gathering on paln of activities (vietnam). †with his co llaboration india has broadened its impressions in asean district under the geostartegic scenery. †india has added incredible social measurement to its monetary tact by empowering business contacts between the individuals dwelling on the banks Summits which are the most noteworthy expert in SAARC, should be held every year. The nation facilitating the Summit likewise holds the Chair of the Association. Bangladesh facilitated the Thirteenth Summit in November 2005 at Dhaka as the Chairperson of the Association. India will have the Fourteenth SAARC Summit in 2007 as its Chairman.South Asia’s territorial participation, global political and financial condition, destitution easing, progressing monetary collaboration, subsidizing instruments, security of little states, fighting, psychological warfare, social, catastrophic events and ecological difficulties as a plan for third decade of SAARC was additionally examined in the Thirteenth Summit. Improving individuals to-individua ls contact and social participation, political collaboration and outside linkages of SAARC was likewise talked about. SAARC part states invited the solicitation by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan for enrollment and welcomed Afghanistan as a part, subject to the fulfillment of formalities.SAARC part states additionally concurred on a fundamental level with the craving of the Peop

The Absolute Best Plan You Need to Be Using for Essays on Social Issues

The Absolute Best Plan You Need to Be Using for Essays on Social Issues Essays on Social Issues and Essays on Social Issues - The Perfect Combination A composition is completely based on reality. You're expected to compose because manner that every phrase you write, delivers a completely various influence on the composition. Long-term use may lead to heart troubles, mental disorders and higher blood pressure. It leads to liver and kidney failure. Bad communication between parents and teens Lack of communication between kids and parents, particularly during teenage years is also an additional causality of drug usage. Handling things without help isn't a profitable choice for students. The issue is more than only the wellness of the teenage mom and the baby but it is going to also invite emotional and societal stresses to the mother. When selecting your social problems topic, try to remember that it's always much better to write about something you're already more or less a cquainted with. The Good, the Bad and Essays on Social Issues To get started composing an in depth essay, decide on the topic you're likely to be explaining. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. Don't forget to include a minumum of one citation to back up your conclusions. Examine the model essay and read the comments. You will write a more powerful paper, and your professor will be in a position to realize that you can do more than regurgitate the literature. Some professors wish to create a useful and selecting a wellness essays. Therefore, many students and employees decide to purchase low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. The shortage of very good support sources are going to result in a decrease grade. Critical thinking skills permit us to think about an issue from many sides. The good' fight against despots and to curb the development of extremist terrorists has made a lot of hot spots on earth. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on unique views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subject. Get the Scoop on Essays on Social Issues Before You're Too Late When you compose a social issue essay, it is crucial to clearly show your private view of the issue. For a social issue to be classified as an issue, it has to be getting attention from the general public. The immigrant issue is a popular issue on earth today. Introduce the problem you prefer to research and analyze. When you are given a task to compose an essay on a social issue, you're given a chance to open an exciting discourse. A good example is the current worldwide warming crisis. To begin with, your essay is supposed to deal with a specific social, psychological or anthropological matter. Attempt to use conflict theory and include a minumum of one citation. There are a couple main things you will need to learn before you even begin picking social issues essay topics. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. As a student, you've got to decide on an excellent topic and gather information on it. When looking at a topic like this one. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. Therefore, the topic ought to be debatable! Researching the topic permits you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Vital Pieces of Essays on Social Issues There's a growing number of commercial services that scrape social media media and after that offer paid-for access via simple analytics tools. For this reason, you must have an intelligent decision before it's too late and put money into silver depending on your capability to acquire great profits in future. As stated by the structural perspective, society is regarded as an elaborate system of structures that interact so as to carry out various necessary functions. It is vital in the modern-day times because the expansion of the company gives employment opportunities for the overall public.

Addiction drugs vs. food - 1632 Words

Kayla Lynch William Armstead Sociology 1301 11/23/13 Addiction: Food vs. Drugs Millions of people suffer from an addiction of some sort. A person can actually suffer from addictions to all sorts of things. It’s sad to say the first thing that comes to the minds of pretty much everyone when they hear the word addiction, is drugs. Controversy is at an uproar over whether or not food is addictive. As a matter of fact, food is the last thing on a person’s mind when addiction comes about. Though it’s hard to believe yes, there are tons of people who are addicted to food. Really, one could go on to say that food is even more addicting than drugs. Compare the number of overeaters in America to those who are addicted to drugs. Then you’ll†¦show more content†¦Over time, this effect diminished and notably higher quantities of food were required to achieve the desired affect† (Fortuna). Let’s say for instance you’ve sworn off dessert or promised to start a diet, then turn around and start doing old habits again. Bo th types of addicts are likely to make numerous unsuccessful attempts to quit. Both addicts continue to use or eat even if they have lost everything that matters most to them. Food addiction may not bankrupt you or land you in jail in the same manner as drug abuse, but food addicts may experience serious health consequences and still continue to struggle with poor eating habits. It’s a shame to be able to say that some of the same factors that complicate people in the battle with drug addiction are at work when junk foods are eaten. This is clearly an important similarity between food and drug abuse. The risks a person has for addiction is influenced by his/her biology, environment, and stage of development. The more risks an individual has, the higher the chance of becoming addicted. Ascribed statuses, such as gender and ethnicity, might influence drug addiction and food addiction in general. A person’s environment involves many influences, from family and friends to socioeconomic status and generally the quality of life.Show MoreRelatedPhysical And Mental Health Implications Of Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Programs1018 Words   |  5 PagesAs drugs have been abused for hundreds of years all over the world, their effects have been felt for just as long. Since drugs have been used, there were always those who abused them, which led to full-blown addiction and the bevy of side effects that come with it. As the physical and mental health implications of addiction became clearer, rehabilitation efforts began to appear. As a result, the history of rehabilitation in the United States dates back hundreds of years. Today, thousands of drug abuseRead MoreThe Drug Of The Pharmaceutical Industry1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe birth of pharmaceutical industry has increased the longevity of our lives in society and eradicated diseases such as chicken pox and hives, but has created an addiction to prescription drugs in America. The concept of prescription has made society to believe that taking pharmaceutical drugs comes without a consequence. Though these drugs come with consequence, the positive effects of the pharmaceutical industry helped eradicate diseases that would be a potential threat to our lively hood in today’sRead MoreSocial Welfare Vs. The Market958 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many reasons why individuals live in poverty. Such as drug addiction, lack of education, Unaffordable housing, criminal record, and alcohol addiction. These issues cripple our country continuously. â€Å"Poverty is not anyone persons decision. 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In the early days of the 19th century, it was only a dream that a drug could save aRead More Using Alcoholics Anonymous vs. Abusing Alcoholics Anonymous Essay1241 Words   |  5 PagesUsing AA vs. Abusing AA This paper will try to explain the different views of how and why Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programs are accepted and rejected as effective tools in treating alcoholism and other addictions. The articles reviewed contradict the others’ opinion. First, we see that supporting the 12-step programs with a degree of involvement both the doctor and patient will see better results in treating the addiction. The second view will show that 12-step programs can be usedRead MoreWhat You Eat Is Your Business1315 Words   |  6 Pagesweeks to buy food. Given the little time and lack of food, the options can be slim, but fast food addictions can cause you to make bad choices too. So when does a bad options start to become and addiction, and how do we fix both problems? 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The Framing Of Immigration By George Lakoff And Sam Ferguson

In the article â€Å"The Framing of Immigration† the authors, George Lakoff and Sam Ferguson, claim that the United States of America has poor and inefficient discussions on immigration because when the nation frames immigration, this broad subject is inadequately simplified and therefore the debates and arguments are one sided and unfair. Lakoff and Ferguson further support this claim by using hard evidence to demonstrate that the nation is framing immigration by using the illegal frame, the security frame, and the economic frame. The authors argue that when the nation uses the word â€Å"illegal immigrant†, the nation is framing immigrants as criminals. The authors begin by stating that the word illegal is a strong and unfair word because the people who are associated with the word illegal are criminals. This implies and frames all immigrants as criminals. Aside from this implication, the authors also demonstrate that the word illegal is unfair by placing the word illegal on other types of people. One example is that if a driver who got a speeding ticket were to be referred to as an â€Å"illegal driver† then that would be an extreme title just for a person who committed a minor offense (20). Another example is that if a businessman who didn’t pay his taxes on time were to be referred to as an â€Å"illegal businessmen† that would also be an extreme title just for a person who committed a minor offense (20). With these examples the authors make it clear why it is unfair for the na tion toShow MoreRelatedThe Framing Of Immigration By George Lakoff And Sam Ferguson906 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Framing of Immigration† (Draft #2) The authors George Lakoff and Sam Ferguson in the article â€Å"The Framing of Immigration†, claim that the United States of America has poor and inefficient discussions on immigration because the nation takes this broad subject and wrongfully simplifies it by framing immigration. Lakoff and Ferguson support this claim by using hard evidence to demonstrate the nation is framing immigration by using the illegal frame, the security frame, and the economic frame.Read MoreImmigration in America: cause and effects1704 Words   |  7 PagesFormat: MLAPages: 5SummaryThis paper is a study of the causes and effects that immigration has caused in the United States Of America, and how migration has centered around the countryThe search for food and new land has driven humans from one end to another end. With time, the need increased into the quest of knowledge and thirst of wisdom, eventually as the periods started to pass by, development started in some countries, and some countries we re left far behind. This partial development of the

Feudalism in Pakistan free essay sample

The Zamindarana Nizam or Feudal system is a phenomenon that has affected Pakistan’s history time and again; sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse. There are many salient features of the Feudal system in Pakistan. They are large landholdings by joint families; Lambardari of the local landlord family, work done by peasants or mazeras, complete rule of the landlord in the vicinity and often its surroundings too, debt bondage and sometimes absentee landlordism. The Pakistani feudal system is compatible with the European medieval feudal system where a large proportion of the production of the subsistence farmer would go to the landlord as homage. The Indian caste system is also similar to the hierarchy of the medieval European feudal pyramid expect for the fact there a person from a lower rank could be promoted to a higher rank by proving his worth unlike India where a Pandit’s son will grow up to be a Pandit and a Shudra’s son is deemed to be a servant for the rest of his life. We will write a custom essay sample on Feudalism in Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are also some similarities with the Japanese feudal system. In this research we will delve into the intricacies of the matter and will ascertain the reason for the phenomenon of feudalism and its effects on Pakistani society in general. The European Feudal Model:- We have to see the similarities between the Indian Feudal Model and the European feudal model because a lot of people confuse one with another. It will also be easier to study the Indian feudal system because it was a forerunner of the modern Pakistani feudal system. The European feudal system was based on homage to one’s feudal lord because of the fact that he protects the plebian from external threat by serving in the military. If we want to study the European feudal model we have to grasp the idea of the King, the Lord, the vassal and the peasant. The King was the sovereign barring exceptions in some cases, all the feudal barons and others were knighted by the King so that they would pledge allegiance to the King. Pledging allegiance to the King meant that many of the feudal lords were required to serve in the military. As a result the profession of an Army Officer up till world war two remained largely a feudal profession. Almost all Earls, Dukes, Viscounts and Barons served in the army or Navy as officers; a tradition that continues to this day as we can see both the sons of Charles, the Prince of Wales serving in the military. Another way how an ordinary man could work up the hierarchy was by proving himself in battle. Once the man would do so, he would be awarded with land by the King called â€Å"fief†. This would make him a landowner and he would then be required to swear an â€Å"Oath of Fealty†, the literal meaning of fealty is fidelity. Once the feudal pledged allegiance to the King he was made head of his area. The entire medieval Europe fell into some sort of a pyramid of hierarchy; with the head of everything being the Pope and the Clergy. The Pope was responsible for a lot and he would often appoint Prices in an around the area of modern Italy. Cesare Borgia is one such example of people appointed by Pope Alexander the Sixth, his father. The Church was known for its nepotism and this is why the Great Schism or the Western Schism and the Protestant Reformation took place. The Church’s corruption knew no bounds at times. Alexandre Dumas once said that â€Å"Christianity assumed a pagan character†. This is exactly what he was talking about. The Church has absolute power. Then came the Monarchs, then the Knights and Vassals, the business people were next and finally there were the peasants and the serfs. This has a lot of similarities with the Indian caste system. There were basically four Varnas. The Brahmins were the highest and they were the equivalent of the Clergy of those days, then there were the Kshatriyas who were a lot like Knights of the European feudal model and Samurais of the Japanese feudal system, then were the Vaishyas who were the traders, the businessmen and merchants, finally there were the Shudras who were sort of like the peasants. The feudal system in history has been a way of keeping the oppressed down. Both systems show a clear indication of exploitation. While Brahmins and Kshatriyas were landowners, the Vaishyas were confined to doing business only and the Shudras were made to serve the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas in the most demeaning and despicable of ways. They were confined to cleaning jobs, acting as servants and laborers. The Mahar are a lower community of India. They were called the untouchables. One of their leaders B. R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Constitutional Drafting Committee. He was the author of several books and was very aware of the fact that he was from an oppressed community and made provisions to make India into the secular and tolerant state that it is today. Some people may disagree with this statement but I beg to differ. The Union of India has done a lot to protect the rights of its lower castes ever since independence and this is where people like B. R. Ambedkar needs to be given credit. Unfortunately in Pakistan, people from lower castes often try to hide their identity and being from a lower caste is still considered a stigma, particularly in the Punjab. Here the Kshatriya tribes who are almost exclusively Muslim have not let go of their Hindu approach. They still believe in Mazera and Kammi system. They are not sent to school and are forced to work for their landlord families generation after generation. It is a shame what Pakistan has become today. Pakistanis embrace modernism thinking that it is an American phenomenon but they have no clue whatsoever how much of an equalitarian society the United States is today. While India has let go of their former hatred, Pakistan continues to be an insolent, third-rate godforsaken society. Coming back to the European feudal system, there were instances when the King knighted the people who were close to the king or were in the process of forging close relationships were also knighted so that their status would be elevated to that of any other peer. We can clearly see that in the case of King Henry the Eighth or Henry Tudor. Before he was set to marry Anne Boleyn he knighted her father making him a Viscount and her brother a Baron. The feudal Barons in the middle ages dominated every walk of life. The German name prefix of â€Å"von† usually showed nobility and we can clearly see that all the people who dominated German and Austrian societies before the Second World War had this prefix in the beginning of their name. For example von Mises the economist, von Bismark the statesman, von Manstein the general, von Hindenburg the Chancellor of Germany before Adolf Hitler and his Third Reich came into power. This is clear evidence of how the nobility was dominant in all spheres of life. We will discuss the same about Pakistan but like Europe trends are changing here too and we can see a more fair and equalitarian society. The Indian Feudal Model:- The first evidence of allotment of lands was in ancient India. Indians of antiquity were very giving to their spiritual leaders, the Brahmins. The customs of gifting lands to Brahmins dates back to Maurya times. The Maurya Empire thrived in India between the 4th to 1st Century B. C. E. The Empire controlled from Paltiputra in Present day Patna, Bihar controlled almost all of India. The special thing about this empire was that it was very sparsely populated. This made it very easy for greedy, licentious Brahmins to encroach land. The situation was ideal and the Brahmin is a very shrewd man. According to R. S. Sharma of the University of Patna this is when the trend started and was later enacted into the epic of Mahabharata during the Gupta Empire. This indoctrination meant that the Brahmins would later become landowners. Vast estates of land boil down into huge sums of money and with money comes power, influence and authority. Over the course of the next two thousand years the Brahmin consolidated his position by becoming the landlord along with the Kashatriya. Our ancestors, the Kashatriyas had to earn his land and fight with every fiber of his being for every last chunk of land but the Brahmin had his devious ways. The Brahmin changed the Holy Hindu script and stammered rites for a living. The result of all this was that the Brahmin to this date remains economically well off and continued to rule for centuries to come. Only in today’s world do you see people from lower Varnas such as Laksmhi Mittal or Bajaj strike rich. Otherwise it was always the Brahmin Pandit or the Kshatriya warrior who had control over wealth. It is important to note that the Nehru family is of Kashmiri Brahmin Pandit origin; their scions include Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi. The concept was then started off by the Mughals who with their skill in administrative issues decided to appoint tax collectors from area to area. This included people from every religion. The Mughals made no discrimination in religion. There were some smaller kingdoms all over India too as the Mughals did not have a hundred percent control over everything. The Mughals, like the British conferred titles upon their tax collectors. Some of these titles were Mian, Rai Bahadur and Chaudhary. Mian was the title given to the Arian family who were the custodians of the Shalimar Gardens. The family is called Mian family of Baghbanpura. Mian Muhammad Shafi, one of the politicians of per-partition India and the Judge to whom Jinnah swore his oath to after becoming Governor-General are both from this family. Rai Bahadur was the title given to those families who helped the Mughals succeed in destroying their enemies for example some people from one tribe would given the title for killing people from another tribe who were causing troubles to for the Mughals. Chaudhary literally meant â€Å"Lord† and unlike today it was a very rare title back then. It was also customary amongst the Mughals to grant Lordship to Pashtun Generals serving in the army. The Nawabs of Bhopal and the landlords of Khwaspur near modern day Lalamusa were both handed over to Pashtun generals for the services they rendered to the Mughal Empire. Once the British came to power, they had similar tactics of retaining power. The only difference was that they had different names for their loyalists. They preferred to give the title of â€Å"Khan Bahadur†. The British clearly understood the differences between communities of India and did their best to divide us. When people from one tribe rebelled, they were expelled from the army. They placed tribes loyal to them over others in social standing and even today, the effects of this intrusion and manipulation of history effects our society in a very detrimental way which I will discuss later in the research. Hegemony of feudals in Pakistani society:- There were also stories from history where we can see that the King was not as powerful and that the Feudals were running the show altogether. We see the evolution of the â€Å"Magna Carta†, the first bill of rights of man that the western world saw. This Magna Carta was written in the thirteenth century by the Feudal Barons of King John the Second after a series of critical istakes made by the King and now the power lay with the Barons. This is how important the nobility was back in the medieval ages. The phenomenon is still prevalent in modern day Pakistan where we clearly see that almost all of the bureaucrats and politicians hailing from Interior Sindh have remarkably eccentric and ridiculous last names. Th is is because these are the leaders of their respective tribes. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, Asif Ali Zardari, Muhammad Khan Junejo among many others. Why does not any Sindhi from an ordinary background make it to the top? It is the hegemony of these tribe leaders that keeps them oppressed and downtrodden. We do see a sort of connection of these nobles with their German pre world war counterparts. They were all extremely dominant in their societies and controlled the military, the bureaucracy, the foreign affairs, almost all the intellectual discourse, the food production and pretty much everything else. Absentee Landlordism:- This is a phenomenon by which a peculiar landlord from a peculiar rural area of Pakistan remains absent during the entire course of the cultivation and harvest of his crops in order to enjoy a lavish lifestyle in the urban areas of Pakistan. These landlords do not contribute to their land; some of them embark on political careers or take up important bureaucratic jobs. As a result they have little or almost no input on the growth of their crops. There are people that are part of the feudal gentry who leave their country estates and farmlands comprising of hundreds of acres just to live a lavish life in Lahore and other cities playing polo and consuming ridiculous amounts of alcohol. When their crops are harvested they get the largest share of the profits while their mazera gets nothing but some money to barely make ends meet. Societal deterioration of Urban Pakistan:- According to Ayesha Siddiqa, the author accredited with writing â€Å"Military Incorporated†, feudal system is still alive and kicking in Pakistan and even Pakistan’s urban elite are trying to copy the life styles of the feudals. She says and I quote â€Å"the decadent lifestyle of the old Nawabs and the feudal elite by holding huge parties, mujrahs and flaunting money† in their newly built farmhouses. The tragedy of our country is that we try to copy whatever culture we think is superior. Our Anthropology teacher first introduced us to the phenomenon of â€Å"Cultural Diffusionism† where traits of dominant cultures are slowly assimilated into weaker cultures. Unfortunately for Pakistani society, we are ready to accept any culture that has more to do with ostentatiousness than modesty. Moreover, Nawabs and Thakurs were more powerful in areas like Balochistan or Uttar Pradesh. Nawabs of Punjab for example Nawab Sir Fazal Ali of Gujrat and Nawab Sir Hayat of Wah were mostly installed by the British. It is sad to see North Punjabis and other Pakistanis trying to emulate their lifestyles because of their own inferiority complexes. The word â€Å"khandaani† has been thrown around so much and is uttered by every single menial who has a few nickels in his pocket. Pakistani society is a complete and utter shambles and the feudal archetype is to be held accountable in this particular case. Pakistan Army Officer Corps and its deterioration because of differences in background:- Pre-partition Pakistan Army also shows a clear discord between army officers of feudal background and army officers of ordinary backgrounds. In a story narrated by my father, a former Pakistan Army Armored Corps officer there was a clear discord and hatred between both the parties within the Armored Corps back then. There were two syndicates that we formed one lead by former Lieutenant General Sahabzada Yakub Khan, a landowning aristocrat and the son of the Nawab of Rampur who opted for Pakistan army after partition; The other by Lieutenant General Gul Hassan Khan a man of humble background from Pabbi, Nowshera District. Both Generals were from PAVO Cavalry (Frontier Force) and Probyn’s Horse respectively with the former filled with people from elite backgrounds and elitist principles and the latter being the complete opposite of that. My father told me that before the 1970s if you were serving in the army as a cavalry officer you had to be a part of one group or the other or else you had no future in the army and were constantly harassed by both parties. So the officers picked their sides, all except one General Zia-ul-Haq did so. As a result young Zia a staunch mullah, was thrown out of three army regiments before settling into one dominated by elitists, the Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force). There he was welcomed by Lieutenant Colonel Pir Israr Shah who felt sorry for poor Zia. The day Colonel Shah left poor Zia was once again bullied and harassed by fellow officers especially by former NWFP and Punjab Governors Lieutenant Generals Fazl-e-Haq and Ghulam Jilani, both personally appointed by General Zia later so that he would show them who’s boss. The result of these dissensions was that Zia did his best to purge out the â€Å"elitist† from Pakistan Army and this policy very slowly and gradually took its effect. Coming back to Gul Hassan and Sahabzada Yakub Khan, There were implications that Bhutto wanted Gul Hassan as the future head of the Army, part of the reason why the competent Sahabzada resigned as Commander of East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh). He was replaced by A. A. K. Niazi, a genuinely incompetent officer. As a result of all of this, Pakistan Army failed to protect East Pakistan from Indian onslaught in the 1971 war. All because our officers failed to unite as one and let go of their backgrounds. What a pity! Perhaps this was why it was so hard to get any work done in any military office back then. There was too much politics surrounding every issue. One party would do whatever it was in their capacity to make the other one look bad and not caring about the duties that their state entrusted upon them.