On the Job Training Essay

OJT is a three letter acronym for â€Å"on-the-job training†, which is a form of training taking place in a normal working situation. OJT training, sometimes called direct instruction, is one of the earliest forms of training (observational learning is probably the earliest,). It is a one-on-one training located at the job site, where someone who knows how to do a task shows another how to perform it. In antiquity, the kind of work that people did was mainly unskilled or semiskilled work that did not require specialized knowledge. Parents or other community members, who knew how to do a job necessary for survival, passed their knowledge on to the children through direct instruction. On-the-job training is still widely in use today. In fact, it is probably the most popular method of training because it requires only a person who knows how to do the task, and the tools the person uses to do the task. It may not be the most effective or the most efficient method at times, but it is normally the easiest to arrange and manage. Because the training takes place on the job, it can be highly realistic and no transfer of learning is required. It is often inexpensive because no special equipment is needed other than what is normally used on the job. The other side is that OJT takes the trainer and materials out of production for the duration of the training time. In addition, due to safety or other production factors, it is prohibitive in some environments. Training is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving one’s capability, capacity, and performance. It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at institutes of technology (also known as technical colleges or polytechnics). In addition to the basic training required for a trade, occupation or profession, observers of the labor-market[who? ] recognize as of 2008[update] the need to continue training beyond initial qualifications: to maintain, upgrade and update skills throughout working life. People within many professions and occupations may refer to this sort of training as professional development.

Legalization or Decriminalization of Drugs

The legalization or decriminalization of drugs would be beneficial to society through various ways. The government would collect taxes on them which could help with various expenses such as education expenses. Through different pharmaceutical companies it can be controlled as well as ensure quality which helps drug users from receiving bad product. It could free up space in prison or jails and allow more room for concentration of other important crimes that are taking place in society. On the other hand, the legalization of drugs could as well harm society. It could be used more by individuals and cause individuals to become less alert to the important things in society. This could also cause harm to kids. So we have to understand that there are pros and cons to the legalization as well as it could be beneficial as well as cause harm in many of ways. When this comes into consideration, the pros and cons should be weighed before a final decision is made. Yes I do consider alcohol a drug. It can become addictive as well. It causes a high just same as drugs. It most importantly causes a change in individuals behavior when to much alcohol is consumed. Certain alcohol levels can become very dangerous at times. It can be more dangerous than illegal drugs. I do believe that some alcohols are safer than others. An individual must also know their limits of how much alcohol to consume. This is sometimes hard in many situations which sometimes lead to various addictions and crime. Sometimes it can even lead to death when one has received too much of the wrong alcohol. This is known as alcohol poisoning. Without prohibiting alcohol, I believe that there is already a great control on alcohol already taking place. You will not be able to get rid of it. The only thing that you can do is maintain certain laws and standards that are to be abided by to keep it under control. The drug trade will always exist. There will be drug users as well as drug dealers. TV shows and films in my opinion act out what is already present in real life situations. The only difference is one is physical seen in everyday life versus the other shown on television. I do not believe that all images on TV of drugs and alcohol be banned. Theses situations should be shown. Sometimes by watching these shows and watching some of the out comes can help one turn or change to a more positive path in life. On the other hand it can help those who were considering it, maybe to not participate or become users. Just like everything else, individuals will always try to blame there problems on something or someone, but we have to remember that everyone makes that choice to do right or wrong. Television shows a lot of what is already happening in the streets in homes. Instead of looking at it causing more harm than good, it should be looked at it as a guide to help turn from those ways. Yes I believe prostitution is a crime. If two individuals would like to endeavor in mutual sex, than they can do that with out prostituting. Some are, not in their right state of mind as well as know the difference between right and wrong. If a man or woman would like to sell sexual favors, that should be there right just as long as it is mutual and not in the public view. Two adults that are capable of making decisions about their life should be allowed to make them as long as it does not cause harm to them or anyone else. Prostitution on the streets is nothing that should be exploited because of the dangers and harm that could follow if things are done as planned or expected. Children are alert to all of their surroundings and what goes on in society. Sexual transmitted diseases as well as AIDS is floating on and being passed from one individual to another uncontrollably. Here again without prohibiting it, I believe there is a great control of sexual explicit materials on the internet. It is on television, in magazines, as well as viewed on tapes and cds. So it will be showed one way or another. No I would ever approve of the online sale of sexually explicit photos of children even if they are artificial images created by computer animation. Children are sensitive and are still coming into the knowledge of growing into young mature productive adults in society. They are not learning how to become another statistics in society of crime. This would not be a positive aspect that would be beneficial to them in life. This as well would not lead nor guide them in how to have respect for their bodies as well as others. We should also understand that because there are predators out their in the world we should not help them cause harm to children. I believe that both statements are accurate. Although sexually aggressive men are drawn to pornography; a man who is not so sexually aggressive would reach that stage eventually as he continue to watch as well as read more and more pornography. Men sexual drives are strong at times. There excitement levels are different in many ways. When a manfinds something or sees something that excites him, he continues to want that as well as wanting to reach more exciting levels. Through pornography they are also able to full fill such levels as fantasies. When men become aggressive their focus is usually one thing and that is to reach their peek. Sometimes this means by any means necessary. Now some men needs more than pornography. Pornography is only satisfying for a while. After this point they actually try to turn and create those fantasies with someone else. Some women are faced with the same issues. I believe that there are various views on this issue. I due believe that in various ways there are objective standards of morality. Others believe that there are not any objective standards. Many believe and argue that mostly those individuals that have a relationship as well as an involvement in Christianity are the ones who believe that there are objective standards. They believe that these objectives were written back in the days that God created the Ten Commandments.

Sales managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sales managment - Essay Example Progeon- the subsidiary of Infosys works with international clients spread across the globe and as such, it handles diverse languages, behaviors, expectations and demands (Charlotte 2005). Though it has carved a niche in the call centre market by its innovative training and development programs, yet dynamic forces surrounding globalization and ever changing customer demands place hurdles every now and then. Cultural mismatches have lately become commonplace as companies are intending towards mergers, acquisitions and partnerships with global clients. The industry in which Progeon operates is truly global in the sense that it provides voice and data job services to multinationals by addressing the calls of the clients located worldwide. Thus, global in context of Progeon refer to a 360 degree view of the entire globe. Keeping this fact in mind, it is imperative that Progeon well-trained staff, even after rigorous training is still exposed to cultural issues. Snapshot of those issues with their reason and probable solutions are detailed below: Every person has his own standards of understanding and believing what is wrong and what is right, based on the culture in which he is brought up. The degree of fairness in behavior, dealings and communication also rests on this basic premise of ethical standards. Though the staff at Progeon is imparted training of accent and language, yet they do not operate in the local culture of the customer to which they talk or address the call to. Thus, there remain chances of breach of fairness and violation of ethical standards from both sides and there is no yardstick to measure who has done what and to what extent. This defies the fundamental principle of sales management which starts with rapport and confidence building. As stated above, sales management bears fruits when exercised in the local settings of

Insolvency Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Insolvency Law - Essay Example Contextually, in order to improve their image in front of the investors companies at times tend to adopt approaches which though considered negative in business but still they ensure better business performances. This aspect along with various other reasons like conflicts amid the management, a lack of proper communication in business, crisis in the business sector as well as improper controlling of the business activities further result in impacting the ability of business units to pay back the debt of their creditors and shareholders thereby affecting the performance and existence of the business up to a considerable extent2. This aspect in legal terms is considered as insolvency. In this particular context, the insolvency law regulates the companies who are not been able to pay their debt to the shareholders or creditors. It is directly implied to companies which are being formed under the Companies Act of 2006 in the UK. However, with the passage of time, the issue of insolvency has become more and more severe which further calls for the need of stern laws and principles3. Contextually, the Cork report will be vital to consider which has recommended certain principles to be implemented in the operations of companies that would be helpful in dealing with the issue of insolvency. This particular report will mainly highlight one of the recommended aims in paragraph 198 of the Cork report and depict its importance and need through critical analysis. As described above, the Cork report was formed with the intention to recommend certain principles that could be implemented in the operations of business units to assure a more profitable business operation further reducing the probability of insolvency of the business. The report came up with certain aims for improvement in the modern day insolvency law which in turn led to the formation of the Insolvency Act of 19864. In the report formed by Kenneth Cork, there were certain

McClelland's Trichotomy of Needs and other Concepts of Motivation Essay

McClelland's Trichotomy of Needs and other Concepts of Motivation - Essay Example Several scholars define motivation and present their own theories on how employees can be motivated to act. Motivation is the willingness to exert a high level of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort's ability to satisfy some individual need (Ribbins, 1993 cited in Nasri and Charfeddine, 2012). It is a set of energetic forces that originate from within as well as beyond an individual’s being (Latham and Ernst, 2006). Most employees would work up to a certain point but to stretch beyond, they need some kind of stimuli. These stimuli are the motivating factors that induce an individual to exert extra effort. Thus an increase in motivation results in higher productivity and enhanced profits, which is the ultimate goal of any organization. Thus managers must have knowledge of the motivation theories which will help create a motivational atmosphere.   People have different kinds of motivation and human motivation can vary not only in level but also in typ e. Accordingly, Mirabela-ConstanÈ›a and Maria-Madela (2011) elaborate on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivations are those activities that give rise to inner satisfaction and are not based on expectations of some extrinsic gains such as monetary compensation.  Ã‚   Extrinsic motivation is said to exist when an activity is performed to obtain some separable outcome. The term ‘separable’ suggests that it is an objective gain whereas intrinsic motivation provides a subjective experience, subjective gain and is not separate from the individual. This is definitely superior to extrinsic motivation and Ryan and Deci also confirm that extrinsic rewards can decrease intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation reflects external control whereas intrinsic motivation provides an opportunity for self-direction.   Threats of punishment also decrease intrinsic motivation whereas verbal praise or some similar external reinforcement may increase intrinsic motivati on.

Supreme Court Justice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supreme Court Justice - Term Paper Example Records of the Supreme Court lists her as the fourth female justice to have served in that capacity and one hundred and twelfth overall judge among all the judges that have served in the supreme court since its establishment (O’Connor, 2004). Kagan was appointed to the position to succeed an outgoing justice Paul Stevens. Sworn in by the leader of the court, Chief justice John Roberts, Kagan officially began her term on the seventh day of August in the year 2010 after confirmation by the Senate. In reference to her earlier academic and legal career, she has served as a legal clerk for justice Thurgood of the American Supreme Court and also for Judge Abner formerly of the United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia circuit in the Year 1987. In the year 1991, she worked as an assistant Professor in the department of Legal studies at the University of Chicago. She graduated to the level of an associate professor of law in the year 1995. Her first publication on law was a n article review on law titled† The first Amendment hate speech†. This article mainly analyzed the consequences of the motive in government regulation of speech. She also reviewed Stephens Carter’s book in relation to judicial confirmation process (O’Connor, 2004). ... She replaced James Buckley in the United States court of appeal district Of Columbia circuit after being nominated by President Clinton to the position (Holzer, 2012). After her stint at the white house, Kagan went back to academic roles once again serving as the dean in the department of law at the University of New Mexico. She is also credited to having transformed Harvard law school from a hostile student environment to student centered environment. At the beginning of President Obama’s regime, he made an announcement that he was going to nominate Kagan to the position of the solicitor general despite the fact that she had no prior records of having argued any case before the court. In the year 2009, the senate confirmed her nomination making her the first woman to hold that position in the history of the United States. In September the same year she made her first ever appearance before the Supreme Court. However, contentions arose in regard to the arguments she advanced i n her capacity as the solicitor general. Cato institute and the first amendment centre disputed her arguments. Her nomination to the Supreme Court was a subject of great interest even before the election of President Obama to office. The media was rife with speculation of her potential nomination if a democrat president carried the day in the elections. This was because of her position as the Solicitor general which was seen to serve as a great leverage (Toobin, 2008). However, this was not to be as Obama had nominated Sonia Sotomayor to the Supreme Court. Following the announcement of Justice Paul Stevens on his intentions to retire, speculations emerged once again on the possibility of Kagan nomination to the Supreme Court. Kagan’s

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Thinking - Essay Example From this perspective it is clear that a critical thinking initiative simply makes good business sense. There is little question that the business environment of today is changing rapidly. Through the process of globalization employees of a major organization are exposed to a number of new challenges. Chartrand et al. (2009) emphasized that there are three keys to critical thinking that need to be implemented which are the RED Model. Recognize assumptions- Separate fact from opinion and gather information from a variety of different stakeholders. Evaluate arguments- Although it is difficult not to bring one’s prejudices to an issue, employees need to be taught not to simply jump to a conclusion and weigh all options. Draw Conclusions- After all information is in hand and sound reasoning is applied employees should employ ‘good judgment’ based on the facts. The risks associated with a business environment that does not encourage critical thinking was highlighted by MSNBC (2007) wherein the case Study of Circuit City was presented.

Juvenile Offenders and Re-offending Rates Literature review

Juvenile Offenders and Re-offending Rates - Literature review Example There have been global trends in treatment of juvenile offenders. Until the 1970’s, juvenile offenders were punished for their crimes, but it was recognized that their age was to be considered. The 1980’s then witnessed a rise in punishment approach to juvenile offenders.4 Since 2000, risk factors have been used to determine which communities have a higher probability of producing juvenile offenders.5 These communities are then encouraged through central policymaking to eliminate these factors.6 However, recent approach implies elimination of crime rates and strict punishment of the committed crimes.7 It does not apply rehabilitation or concern with re – offending rates. Such system, inspired by the American system of policing, punishing and shaming juvenile offenders has been applied in the UK ever since the 1990’s.8 Globalization has been blamed for such a development. According to the critics, globalization has promoted neo – liberalism and indiv idual responsibility, which results in blaming the juvenile offender.9 As a result, juvenile incarceration rates are high in the UK relative to other countries. ... Scotland in Europe.12 One reason is lower age of criminal responsibility, which leads to more juveniles being prosecuted and awarded custodial sentence.13 There is a disconnection between the central government and local agents. In the UK, non – custodial sentence is preferred and promoted by the policymakers.14 Social Enquiry Reports (SER), which are written by social workers and stand at disposal to judges and sheriffs, promote the prescribed policy. However, the judges mostly misinterpret the recommendations, or decide to disregard them.15 The government on one hand aims to punish the crimes, but on the other hand prevent them. As a result, such action might also be misinterpreted by some judges. Local communities also affect the implementation of central government’s decisions. In South – West of the UK, one in ten sentences is custodial sentence, whereas in West Midlands one in five community sentences are custodial sentences.16 Such an approach by judges an d communities changes the impact of governmental policies and decisions.17 As a result, England and Wales experienced decreasing rates of juvenile re – offending, even though these decreases are slight. According to the Ministry of Justice report from 2010, Between April 2009 and March 2010, there were approximately 110,000 juvenile offenders. 18 Less than 38,000 of them were re – offenders. Thus, the re – offending rate was 33.3 per cent, and the average number of re – offences for these individuals was 2.79. 19 There was a 0.4 percentage point decrease in re – offending rate of juveniles since 2000, though risk assessment of the juvenile offenders indicates high probability of re – offending.20 In Australia, a mild system, re – offending rates are visibly lower for non – custodial

What are the boundaries of Christianity Assignment

What are the boundaries of Christianity - Assignment Example Likewise, Moses’ Ten commandment provisions required all the Jews prevent Christians from stealing. Another popular commandment is to respect and bring honor to one’s parents. A very clear law, taken from the Ten Commandments, is prohibiting the love relationship between a married person and a person who is not the spouse of the married person. This is classified in our society as adultery (Galambos, 2012). During the New Testament bible time period, the bible includes the religious statements or doctrines of the apostles. The Matthew 6: 19 verse requires all Christians to prioritizing store treasures in heaven over the cares or treasures of our earth. Matthew explained that saving treasures in heaven included doing good deeds. The Doing good Christian doctrine includes visiting the sick in the hospitals. Finally, the doing good Christian doctrine means helping people in their hour of need (Yancey, 1992). Further, another bible verse indicates the importance of religiously implementing the Christian doctrines. In terms of the same level of love, the bible’s Mark 12:13 verse requires all members of the Christian faith must love one another in the same manner as one requires to be loved (Galambos, 2012). Loving may include several plain acts. The acts may include giving alms to the street beggars. Another neighborly love act may include giving clothes to the naked street people. A third act may include helping the elderly cross the busy street. Furthermore, I had questioned long and hard why Kennedy had to go espouse the importance of Christian boundaries. I liked Kennedy’s espousing members of the Christian faith must put into practice the Christian doctrines. The bible’s 2 Timothy 4: 2 requires all Christians to be instant both within season as well as out of season. The verse affirms that all Christians must obey all Christian doctrines or norms at all times and in all places (St.

Construction and operation of aircraft fluid systems Coursework

Construction and operation of aircraft fluid systems - Coursework Example The turbine engine and the pneumatic power generation component are integral. Largely, the engine component is responsible to the pneumatic power generation. The constructional design of the power generation component takes into consideration the needs to regulate pressure and temperature. Normally, bled air conditions depend on the engine functioning conditions. Critics contend that bleeding the air from the engine can lead to engine suffocation consequently leading to mechanical breakdown. The pneumatic compressor bleeds air from the engine in various stages, a low-pressure port, intermediate and high-pressure port. The compressor has a check valve, which prevents air from moving to low pressure port during bleeding. By design, the low-pressure port is always open, but the shut valve may close it if the engine is a critical condition. The pneumatic power system in aircraft is a secondary power. By design, bleed air is tapped from one or more points along the engine compressor to pr ovide pneumatic power. To achieve the requirement drive shafts, from the engine’s high pressure shaft, drive an accessory gear box on which are mounted generators and hydraulic pumps as well as engine’s own accessories. ... The pneumatic power system has several functions in an aircraft. These functions are air conditioning and pressurization. In aircrafts for civil transport, bleed air is useful in extracting the secondary source of power. The users of the pneumatic power system are air conditioning system and pressurization systems. By design, the air pressure in the aircraft cabin should be at a pressure equivalent to 8000 feet or less and this requires a constant supply of air. It follows therefore that the pneumatic power systems must supply the required pressure in the aircraft. Moreover, the oxygen used in the aircraft requires replacement at constant intervals. Normally, the contaminant level should be under check to avoid suffocation in the aircraft. To control this process, the aircraft requires a source of air pressure that can aid the sucking of the contaminated air and replacing it with fresh air. The pneumatic power systems provides effective high pressure used in the above requirement. Th e process of air conditioning passes through numerous stages ranging from sucking the contaminated air, filtering as well as supplying the fresh air alongside a maintained temperature. The pneumatic power systems drive the ice protection systems. Dangerous icing conditionings are no longer a threat to the modern aircraft because of the modernization of the aircraft components. However, critics have several reasons behind the need to protect aircraft from icing conditions. Some of the reasons adduced against this factor include possibility of accidents resulting from the accretion of ice on the lifting surface of aircraft. The major cause of engine intake icing is the special flow conditions present and most aircraft have at least some provision for de icing in this region of the frame.

An Element of Art and Science Essay Example for Free

An Element of Art and Science Essay Astrology provides a very debatable kind of knowledge that is generally assessed by the intelligent as a useless kind of knowledge, which only makes sense for the ignorant. At the same time astrology is usually associated with gypsies and hucksters, who are known for their deceptive and fake knowledge, as they try to deceive people for their own financial interest. On the other hand, we find people with high education attempting to study astrology and very much respect the kind of knowledge it offers them. Whether such knowledge offered through teaching astrology in universities is worth doing or to be considered an inapplicable knowledge for high education is a critical decision to make, which requires obtaining a great insight about astrology it self as an academic field in order to be able to make a correct assessment. Astrology is actually a combined form of knowledge that both combine both the element of art and of science in its essence. It contains the mathematical element as well as the artistic element o symbolism (Astrology? 891). Scientists usually disregard the art side of astrology and focus on the basic mathematical part of it, as they judge it as useless and insignificant. This actually destroys the wholeness and balance within the realm itself. This may be considered a reason for misunderstanding the real value of knowledge in astrology. It is also a fact that every field is vulnerable to be used by ignorant people who devoid it totally of its meaning and value, in order to sell it as cheap as possible in a market of ignorance that unfortunately have many customers who are wiling to buy, again this helps in misunderstanding Astrology (Astrology? 891); and as there is the presence of the competent and the incompetent in every field, and people usually search for the best in every profession, so why exclude Astrology (Astrology? 896). Astrology requires a sophisticated kind of thinking as it combines artistic and scientific knowledge, it can therefore never be considered as insignificant knowledge. It may not be appreciated by scientists due to the artistic element provided within it, and their total dependence on reason for discovering reality since the onset of the renaissance; thus reviving such forms of knowledge actually, shows the evolution of knowledge and thinking that reflects the significance of intuitive forms of knowledge besides the pure rational ones. The astrological knowledge in itself consists of a natural balance between intuitive and rational knowledge, and disturbing this balance will only lead to the production of inconsistent forms of knowledge that seem to appear on the surface to help in the generation of misunderstandings regarding astrology. The argument of scientists against Astrology reflects the on going disagreement between scientific knowledge and intuitive forms of knowledge. Scientists never admit the truth in any intuitive understanding, and they usually regarded as invalid. They never accept the fact the mystery is part of reality and that the rational mind can never be able to reach full understanding of the universe. Astrology is a balanced kind of knowledge as it respects both forms of thinking, which in fact a respect for nature and for the human being as part of that nature. I feel that the purpose of a reading is to understand ones life challenges And potential, to provide an opportunity for self reflection and life Evaluation, as well as to confirm ones intuitive sense of what ones Life is about (Astrology? 895). Human beings as well as nature are made of matter and soul that can never be detached from each other as long as life is there. How can scientists reach the truth if they are actually altering the natural balance in life by looking for material proof and ignoring the intuitive reality of nature? The soul remains a mystery that can never be explained by scientific truth, and science can not resolve the question of life and death. There fore, accepting astrology as a significant form of knowledge by a scientist is truly a question of him admitting intuition as a part of reality. From another side, if the issue had not been on intuition, regarding astrology, it is still a form of knowledge that surely provides the individual with some insight about life and introduces him to different kinds of thinking; it should be even credited for this reason alone, my studies in Astrology, as well as in other fields, are attempts to understand the grand design of the whole (Astrology? 894). Scientists also accuse Astrological interpretive knowledge of not being exact stars incline but do not compel (A critical? 882), and this fact works against scientific logic which is sharp and determinant. But actually, life in it self is never exact or straight forward and clear as mathematical knowledge entails for instance. Astrology may actually provide the best for of understanding of life and nature; it allows people to understand reality the way it is without trying to alter its nature. The whole issue of prediction and future related knowledge can never be definite or fully explainable, to discuss future probabilities is much like giving a weather report (Astrology? 896). On the other hand, it should be admitted that Astrological knowledge may help in creating dependent and weak individuals, if they used it wrongly. It might lead them to spin in a cycle, which they might not be able to break. People can stress too much on the intuitive knowledge in Astrology and thus once again altering its balance of logic and intuition and thus getting again a wrong insight about life and nature, with an accompanied change in personality and attitude to life Astrology, when practiced as completely as possible, takes away from ach of us our right and duty to make our own personal decisions (A Critical? 882). In the case of a scientist who puts great emphasis on logic and excludes intuition, makes him a rough and rigid person who stands weak in front of the scientifically unexplained mysteries of the world; while in the case of the ignorant who does the opposite to give too much significance to intuition and disregards reason suffers another kind of weakness that creates a dependent and shattered personality. But again we must also admit that this would be the case with any field if wrongly interpreted. All in all, I believe that Astrology is a sophisticated form of knowledge that should be respected for the special thinking abilities it provides an individual who studies it. It also reflects on the importance of providing a balance between Art and Science, and thus between logic and intuition, which is found deep within the nature of man and the universe he lives in. I would very strongly recommend all institutions of high education to teach Astrology in order to correct the misunderstanding entitled to it, and thus expose the rich and deep knowledge it provides. Works Cited Bok, Bart J. A Critical Look at Astrology. The Humanist Costello, Priscilla. Astrology, Science or Abracadabra? Wellesley College.

Effects on Vietnams economy: Hospitality and tourism

Effects on Vietnams economy: Hospitality and tourism Tourism which plays an important part in the economy of Vietnam creates lots of jobs and export value. Nevertheless, there are still many difficulties that Vietnam has to overcome in order to make our dream becoming one of countries which is famous for tourism come true. Vietnam is one of members of Southeast Asia, which has a lot of exciting economic activities in general and tourism in particular. Vietnam has a lot of advantages to develop tourism. Therefore, to make Vietnam an ideal tourism destination, our country should have specific strategies for this goal. First, one strategy for Vietnam tourism development is international cooperation. In order to stimulate sustainable tourism growth, the Vietnam government should increase the cooperation with many countries around the world, especially Asian ones. For example, many events were held for the friendship and solidarity of Vietnam and Laos in 2012. To mark the 50-year anniversary of 2 countries’ diplomatic relations and the 35-year signing of friendship and cooperation treaty, Vietnam organized the third Vietnam-Laos friendship festival. In addition, Vietnam has cooperated with Japan tourism authority and will receive 1 million Japanese arrivals to Vietnam in 2015. The 40th day of remembrance of bilateral relationship between Viet Nam and Japan in 2013 in culture, sports and tourism activities is an important landmark for the bilateral tourism cooperation. From these examples, we can see that to improve tourist industry, Vietnam should boost international tourism cooperation with o ther countries and international organizations, and links our tourism market with regional and world tourism ones. Moreover, Vietnam should expand bilateral and multilateral cooperation relationship to gain the support of other countries and international organizations, accelerate Vietnam’s tourism development and integration, and increase the image and status of Vietnam’s tourism in the international arena. The second strategy to improve tourism industry is infrastructure development in line with environmental protection. For a sustainable tourism development, it is extremely necessary that the tourism infrastructure system should be invested appropriately. Vietnam opened its door to the world in 1994. Vietnam has a lot of tourism potentials. Vietnam is changing to make tourism better. Vietnam should pay attention to the number of air transport of passengers when the country becomes the favorite destination for international visitors. We should upgrade and expand the system of international airports, increase the well-equipped planes, open new routes to many cities in the world, and increase the quality of the flights to meet the needs of tourists. For example, Vietnam is planning to build Long Thanh international airport with a large amount of capital investment to serve more foreign tourists. In recent years, Vung Tau has been a specific example of developing infrastructure in line wi th environmental protection. Vung Tau city has measures to conserve the environment. Many hotels in Vung Tau have met criteria on the environmental protection and contributed to saving energy. Furthermore, many tourism areas and hotels in Vietnam should focus attention on investing in standard systems of treating sewage and garbage, clearing beaches, cultivating trees, looking after gardens, and creatingclean environment and beautiful scenery to serve tourists. The next is human resource development for tourism. Vietnam needs to have some plans to develop human resources for tourism industry both in terms of quality and quantity. The tourism human resources in Vietnam should learn occupational skills and knowledge. They are directly influencing service’s quality, tourist’s satisfaction and the professionalism of the tourism sector. Schools and universities specializing in tourism should develop a network of strong tourism training establishments with modern technical and teaching equipment. The purpose of this training is to build the professional tourism labor force having practical skills and experience to please the tourists coming to Vietnam. Vietnam should diversify tourism professions that will help to increase the tourism workforce and competition with other countries. Reinforcing foreign language for people who work in tourism is a necessary factor to help Vietnam integrate with the world’s tourism industry. In the past, many tour guides couldn’t speak English and other languages, or they only used body language with simple words to express what they wanted to talk about. In a competing environment with other countries, Vietnam should invest in training labor force with ability of communicating with foreigners fluently. Our countries should have many programs about sponsoring the excellent or well-qualified students to study overseas to widen their mind about tourism, which is very helpful for Vietnam. After they have experience of tourism business from many countries, they will contribute what they learn to the construction of nation. According to the travel recommendation, Vietnam is facing many challenges, fierce competition with countries in the region such as Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia. On the other hand, the neighbors have very huge marketing investment campaigns in order to increase the attractiveness of tourism market, so the ability to attract tourists in Vietnam becomes more difficult. On July 11th 2012, group of international experts came to Vietnam to assist our country make a tourism marketing scheme and a plan for tourism growth in the future. The experts aided the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT) to develop advertising schemes in 3 terms: short, medium, and long. In addition, they helped VNAT analyze information from 7 important markets. From experts’ report on trademark concepts, communication channels, marketing instruments and action strategies. Vietnam acknowledged that advertisement was a key point in developing tourism and increasing the competition in international ar ena. Vietnam’s tourism industry should have a strategy and clear developing target for marketing activities, and effectively advertise about the diversity of tourism products offered and main tourism areas, prolong the time of visitors’ temporary residence to attract tourists back. Moreover, we should have tourism websites introducing destinations, and expand the system of foreign travel offices to make the marketing better. Vietnam pressingly needs to use many new trademarks and contemporary advertising tools to highlight its tourism image. With the coastline of over 3000 km, 2700 small and large islands, many beautiful beaches and famous bays, Vietnam has a lot of opportunities for sea tourism development such as Vung Tau, Da Nang, Nha Trang, Ha Long, Phu Quoc, Phan Thiet†¦ From now then on, Vietnam should push beach-island tourism effectively. Sea tourism is considered as a scheme and a strong point in Vietnam tourism. One of well-known destinations that attracts a large number of international tourists is Ha Long bay belonging to Quang Ninh province, and widely known by the beautiful landscape of limestone. Besides, Nha Trang and Da Nang are places having charming beaches on the world. The sea tourism industry attracts approximately 70% of international visitors, 50% of domestic tourists annually, and accounts for 70% of turnovers for the whole tourism. Moreover, Vietnam should focus on building many standardized hotels in coastal regions. It is necessary to organize the sea tourism fair at national and internat ional levels to develop brand and affirm position of Viet Nam sea tourism. Organization of the Viet Nam international sea tourism fair will contribute to promotion of sea tourism in Nha Trang – Khanh Hoa in particular and Viet Nam in general. The growth of sea tourism not only helps people living near the beaches have jobs but also stimulates economic development. In addition, sea tourism of Vietnam should connect with national protection, security, and establish marine tourism areas to be able to compete with other countries. In the past, Vietnam was a nation having a long period of time in preventing invasion from strong enemy such as China, French, USA; therefore, nowadays, it becomes an interesting places which foreign visitors are curious to discover about its people, custom and culture. This is a good opportunity for Vietnam to develop cultural tourism. We should open many tours to famous destinations that still keep historic landmarks (Cu Chi tunnel, palace of independence) or cities having ancient features ( Hanoi capital, Thang Long citadel, Hue old capital). In addition, many traditional festivals should be encouraged to contribute to introducing the beauty of friendly culture to international friends. In conclusion, it is forecasted that in the next 10 years, Vietnam tourism industry will continue to grow rapidly. Nevertheless, to encourage the tourism potential of the country, we should know to take advantage of development chances and make good our shortcomings in coming years, which makes tourism play an important part in the national economy. .

Inventory Management of Nepalese Public Enterprises

Inventory Management of Nepalese Public Enterprises CHAPTER-2 Review of Literature There are many researches made in inventory Management of Nepalese Public enterprises and Private enterprises. Most of them has made on the manufacturing enterprises. In this chapter attempts has been made to present the review of literature regarding inventory management. 2.1 Conceptual Framework Inventory Management The writer (Saxena, 2009, p. 2) defines inventory as any kind of idol resource that has potential economic value considered as locked up capital. Inventory is a list of goods and materials which is available in stock by business (Saxena, 2009). Other write (Li, 2007, p. 175) defines inventory as the stock of any items or resources used in an organization. Stock consists of all goods and materials that are stored by an organization which is kept for future use (Waters, 2003). According to (Roy, 2005, p. 100) inventory is list of goods or items. Inventory management is the active control program which allows the management of sales, purchases and payments (Inventorymanagement). The author (Saxena, 2009, p. 2) refers inventory management as a process of managing raw materials, semi-finished products and finished-products by a firm. The inventory management is a set of the process and policies that determines what inventory level should be maintained, what stock should be replenished and how large order should be (Li, 2007, p. 175). According to (Toomey, 2003, p. 1) inventory management is a branch of business management which concerned in planning and controlling inventories. Effective stock management means providing the desired stock service level or maximizing your profit while at the same time keeping your total stock costs as low as possible by; Selecting products that initially sell, well and discontinuing those that stop selling. Purchasing the right quantity (how much to buy) Purchasing at the right time (when to buy) Keeping your total inventory investment in balance with the expected levels of sales To control costs and improve profit, it is necessary to actively manage every asset we own. And it is particularly true of the management of goods and material we buy and keep on land either far our own use or for resale. The goal of inventory management is to increase profit on inventory while increasing customer services (Frazelle, 2002, p. 91) The dictionary meaning of inventory is stock of goods or a list of goods. Various authors define the word inventory in their ways. In accounting language may mean stock of finished goods. In a manufacturing concern, it may include raw materials, work in process and stores. To understand the exact meaning of inventory the word inventory we may study it form the usage side and from the point of entry in the operation Among the different aspects of management, inventory management is also one of the major factors to play significant role in management of material , part supplies, expenses tools , working process, finished products and then record on the books and maintenance of store rooms, warehouses by an organization is known as inventory management . 2.2 Nature of Inventory The company holds different kinds of inventories to obtain their goals (Waters, 2003). Basically we can divide inventory into three parts which are following, Raw material Work in progress Finished goods (Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21) Raw Material The stocks or inventories and purchase parts which is not part of manufacturing process is called raw material (Toomey, 2003). Raw materials are those basic inputs that have to be gone through the different process to convert into finished goods. Raw materials inventories are such kind of inventories which have been purchased and stored for future manufacturing process. Raw materials are hold in store by manufacturing company to smooth running of production process. The author defines raw material as those kinds of stocks which is imported from suppliers and are store until needed for manufacture (Waters, 2003, p. 9). Work in progress Work in progress refers to inventory units that are currently being worked on (Waters, 2003, p. 9). Work in progress inventories are neither a finished product nor raw materials. It is middle of raw materials and finished product. The author (Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21) defines work in progress (WIP) inventories are those kinds of inventories which are in different phase of completion throughout the manufacturing process. It is very difficult to separate which materials are WIP and which are not. Because the same materials may be a raw material in one industry and same material may be a WIP as well as finished goods in other industry. It depends upon nature of production. Finished goods The finished goods inventory represents products that are ready for sale. According to (Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21) finished goods are those items which are awaiting shipment to customers. Finished goods inventories includes all the completed products which going to be sold (Muller, 2003, pp. 19-20).These are goods fully manufactured inspected and ready for dispatch to a customer. In manufacturing firm, these are the final output of the production process. Stocks of finished goods are held by manufacturing and non-manufacturing company for market operation. 2.3 Purpose of inventory Inventory is the most important to all manufacturing organization in todays industrial world and it plays vital role to exist the company. So it is necessary to manage it properly because both situations of inventories either excessive or inadequate are not acceptable to the firm. There are two larger points within which the firm should operate. The objective of inventory management should be to determine and maintain optimum level of inventory investment. The optimum level of inventory will lie between two danger points of excessive and inadequate inventories. According to (Wild, 2002, p. 7) the propose of the inventory management function in supporting in the business activities is to optimize the three sectors customer services, inventory cost and operating cost. The author refers about purpose of inventory like this the inventory is created when supply excesses the demand. The main purpose of holding the inventory in the company is to prevent from shortage of raw materials, expected demand, to gain more profit (Li, 2007, p. 176). Firm should always aware from over investment or under-investment in the inventories. Over investment and under investment in inventory is unhealthy for the company. Due to over investment into inventory, makes unnecessary tie-up and the amount which we cant invest in other purpose, increasing carrying costs, risk of liquidity. Excessive carrying costs will directly effect in the company profit. Due to over inventories; it may not be possible to sell them in time and at full value. Similarity, WIP is far more difficult to sell because as we said before WIP is not finished goods. In the same way finished goods inventory should sold at low prices due to fall in the price in market and the seasonal factors. So, more investment in inventories is harmful to producer/company. It should be cut down. Similarly, under investment in inventories also not good for company. It carries some problems such as production hold-ups, frequent production interruptions. If finished goods are not sufficient, we do not meet the customers demand and our goodwill also loss. Thus, the objectives of inventory management should be neither excessive nor inadequate level of inventories but maintaining sufficient inventory level for the smooth production and sales operations. An optimum level of inventory should be determined on the basis of the trade-off between costs and benefits. The various importance of inventory management can be summarized up as follows: Predictability Unreliability of supply Price protection Lower ordering cost Anticipated demand 2.7 Procedure of Inventory Management These are lot of function have to be done For the achievement of its objectives business performs a wide variety of function, namely production, marketing, personnel, office research and development of these production and marketing are basic operating functions in a typical business enterprise. Marketing is concerned with the demand side of goods and services, while production is concerned with the supply side. One cannot exist without other; however, decisions about the production activities constitute one of the most important functions of the top management. Production is concerned with the provision of goods and services for the satisfaction of the customer wants. Therefore the consumer depends upon the good economical and efficient production system good inventory management there should be used different activities in ought procedure or manner. General activities such as purchasing, receiving, store-keeping and issuing and pricing are the procedure of inventory management. The y are described as follows: 2.7.1 Purchasing Purchasing is the fulcrum when it comes to meeting customer demands (Johnson, 2010) . Purchasing is the most important function of inventory management to select the suppliers, because it brings significant saving for the organization (Elanchezhian, et al 2010). All organization need various kinds of input like goods and services form external suppliers. The writers ( Baily, Farmer, Jessop, jones, 2005, pp. 3-4) define purchasing as to acquire right quantity of material, at the right time, in the right quantity, from the right source, at the right price. In simple words purchasing is relate to going the open market finding the require materials at the lowest price and selecting the supplier who offers it at that price having the quality of the materials in minds. In fact the process of inventory management begins with purchasing .The need for particular materials initiates purchasing in a firm. A good purchasing management has played important role in the manufacturing companies. We should pay more attention in the purchasing raw materials, supplies in the right quantity of the right quality from the right origin at the right time and cost. The production is hampered the scarcity of raw materials on time, purchasing department should take grater responsibilities and should analysis the existing procurement policy and should tune with the overall organizational objectives and policies. We can improve management of purchase by the help of standardization, value analysis, material substitution, transportation saving and cost reduction of packing modification. There are the following functions of a purchase department. How to purchase? Where to purchase? How much to purchase? At what price to purchase? To perform there function effectively, the purchase department follows the following procedures Receiving purchase requisition Exploring the sources of supply and choosing of suppliers Preparation and execution of purchase order. Receiving and inspecting materials. Checking and issuing of bills for payment.  [3]   The objectives of purchase department is to arrange the supply of materials, spare parts and services or semi-finished goods required for desired production .Walters observes purchasing functions as ‘The Procurement and Purchase of the proper materials, machinery, equipment and supplies for stores used in the manufacturing of a product adopted to marketing in the proper quality at the proper time and at the lowest price constant with desired. Purchasing now become a specialized function in many organization wasting expenses that Purchasing is a managerial activity that goes beyond the simple act of buying and includes the planning and policy, objectives covering wide range of related and complimentary included in such activities are the research and development required for the proper selection of materials and sources from which these materials may be brought.  [4]   In the words of matter industrial purchasing is The procurement by purchase of Alfred and Beauty .Principles of industrial the proper adopted to marketing in the proper quantity and quality at the proper time and at the lowest price consistently with the quality desired A Purchasing means a policy well planned, Procedures free from much formalities and development of up to date methods and techniques of higher standard to reveal efficiency and economy.  [5]   2.7.2 Receipt and Store Keeping After sometimes of placing the order, flow-up process starts to get quick delivery of the items. The items are received by the purchasing department at the time of delivery and received items are compared with purchase order and actual materials received should be entered in goods received note. Then all items received by the purchasing department should be passed into store for protection against deterioration and pilferage. They are stored in such a way that their location is easily identified at the time of issue The store function involves both keeping the store of materials and keeping the store records, the former being physical task and the later being accounting task depending upon the nature and requirements of the organizations the stores are classified as centralized and decentralized store.  [6]   In the words of Maynard, the duties of store keeping are to receive materials to protect than while in storage from damage and unauthorized removal to issue the materials in the right quantity at the right time , to the right place and to provide these services promptly and at least costs. Good store keeping should help achieve location identification, receipt and issue without delay. Storage space should be economically utilized and materials should be protected against deterioration, fine theft, details of quantities should be available on request. General code numbers are assigned to materials for easy identification. Materials may be stored in bin, rack, drawer, tray, boxes or floor area.  [7]   Store keeping in the activity of receiving or distributing stores or supplies, stores included direct raw materials, indirect materials (supplies) and finished goods  [8]   Generally the physical stock available in the store after counting, weighting , measuring , listing as the case may be is properly recorded by only of the following methods. 2.7.3 Issued and Pricing Materials are kept in stores so that the storekeeper may issue them whenever these are required by the production departments. Materials should be issued on receipt of materials requisition of Bill of materials under proper authority to avoid the misappropriation of materials.  [9]   Materials issued from the stores are debited to the jobs or work orders which received them and credited to the materials account. These jobs are debited with the value of material issued to them.  [10]   Each item inside the inventory has some value associated with it. This value depends on the price duration of the item inside the inventory, procurement cost, storage cost etc. Generally the time of purchase and time of issue of any items are different and the market prices of the items also vary with time. Thus, for costing purposes, the problems of pricing at the time of issue are great signification.  [11]   2.7.4 Cost Basis for Inventory Valuation The primary basis of accounting for inventory is cost which has been defined generally as the price paid to considerate given to acquire an asset. As applied to inventories, cost means in principal the sum of the applicable expenditure and changes directly or indirectly incurred in bringing an article to its existing condition and location.  [12]   Conceptually the process of valuation the inventory is simple. We can calculate inventory value that multiplying physical quantity of goods by cost per unit. But in practice, many organizations purchase different types of raw materials at different price and different time. Price of materials changes time to time. There are many types of raw materials remain in the stock. It is not always possible to identify the individual particular purchase group. At the solution firms have faced difficulties in valuation the inventories. In this situation there are many methods which are based on historical cost used in determining the value of inventory are: a. First In First Out Method Under the First In First Out method the units are assumed to have been disposed of in the order in which they were acquired and the units remaining are assumed to be those which were acquired last. This assumption is realistic in that good merchandising requires that older stock be moved to the front and new purchases placed in back of the bin. Consequently the oldest merchandise in sold first, because sales orders are filled from the front of the bins. The last merchandise purchased remains in the inventory.  [13]   b. Last In First Out Method Under this method, the cost of goods sold consists of the cost of the most recently acquired goods, and the ending inventory consists of the cost of the oldest goods which were available for sale during the period.  [14]   This method does not conform to the physical flow of the units of goods but is nevertheless widely used. In periods of steadily rising prices, the inventory value will be at the lower cost of the earliest units acquired. The value of the inventory on the statement of financial position is a conservative one. In the statement of income the cost of goods sold is higher, and when costs increase net income is lower resulting in lower income taxes of course, in periods of falling prices, the results will be opposite, the cost of good sold will be lower and net income will be higher. Under LIFO method, whether costs are rising or falling, the net income over a series of years shows less variation.  [15]  . c. Specific Price or Identification Method Under this method, materials issued to production are priced at their purchase prices. The basic assumption in following this method is that materials in the stores are capable of being identified as belonging to specific lots. Identification can be made by placing some distinguishing mark usually price tag on every lot. When materials are issued, price tags are removed and forwarded to the costing department for ascertaining the material cost of production. This method is simple in its mechanism and operation. This method does not create accounting complications as are associated with the working of FIFO, LIFO and average methods. But this method is useful where job costing is in operation and the actual material issued can be identified. It is also suited to the needs of a small business enterprise when a small number of items of materials are purchased and stored which can be easily identified.  [16]   d. Base Stock Method Each concern always maintains a minimum quantity of material in stock. This minimum quantity is known as safety or base stock and this should be used only when an emergency arises. The base stock is created out of the first lot the material purchased and, therefore, it is always valued at the cost price of the first lot and is carried forward as a fixed asset. This method works with some other method and is generally used with FIFO or LIFO method. Any quantity over and above the base stock is issued in accordance with the other method which is used in conjunction with this method. The objective of this method is to issue the material according to the current prices. This objective will be achieved only when the LIFO method is used together with the Base Stock method.  [17]   2.8 Cost Associated with Inventory There are many cost associated with the size of inventory directly either advocating to decrease the inventory size or suggesting an increase in the inventory size, for an effective inventory analysis and control of the system one should have clear picture about the behavior of cost associated with different factors. Different kinds of costs associated with inventory management are explained below. a. Carrying cost Carrying cost per period, c, represent the cost of inventory storage, handling and insurance, together with the required rate of return on the investment in inventory. These costs are assumed to be constant per unit of inventory per unit of time.  [18]  Cost incurred for maintaining a given level of inventory are called carrying cost. Carrying cost means storing cost. It starts when raw-materials are placed in warehouse and it continuous until finished goods have not produced except production cost. When we carry raw- materials to production spot and there make final product and that final product we carry into stock. In course of carrying to production spot and returned back to warehouse may labor, handling cost, this cost is also included in carrying costs. However the size of inventory increases, the carrying cost also increases. The carrying costs and the inventory size are positively related and move in the same direction. Carrying cost is the first category of inventory management cost which is generally associated proportionally with the average value of inventory.  [19]   Total carrying cost vary in proportion to the value of inventory usually they are computed from the following formula. Total carrying cost = Average inventory * carrying cost per unit Symbolically TCC = Q/2 *C Where, Q = Quantity order size b. Ordering cost Ordering cost represent all of the cost of placing and receiving an order. When a firm is ordering from an external source, these include the costs of preparing the purchase requisition, expediting the order (long-distance calls and follow-up letters), receiving and inspecting the shipment and handling charge. In practice, the cost per order generally contains both fixed and variable components, since a portion of the cost- such as that of receiving and inspecting the order- normally varies with the quantity ordered. Ordering cost may different in the sense of inventories nature. Such as for Raw-materials- ordering cost involves the clerical cost in placing an order as well as certain costs of receiving and checking the goods once they arrive. For finished goods- ordering cost involves scheduling a production run. And for work-in-progress- ordering costs are likely to involve nothing more than record keeping. Ordering cost : the fixed expense in the preparation and execution of an order for goods.  [20]   Ordering cost increase in proportion to the number of orders placed. Thus more frequently the inventor is acquired, higher the firms ordering costs. On the other hand ordering costs decrease with increasing size of inventory. Generally ordering costs involves: Cost of placing an order Requisitioning cost Transportation/shipping cost Receiving, inspecting and storing costs Sales tax, Customs, etc Clearing and forwarding costs Insurance of raw-materials Stationary cost Bank commission/ L.C. charges Telephone/Fax/Postage expense to follow up Cost incurred when raw-materials in transit Firms usually offer discount for purchase materials in large quantity. Such discount helps reduction in the unit price of the items purchases, such facilities encourage buyers to place a fewer orders rather than placing small once Ordering cost is calculated by following formula Ordering cost = Annual Requirement/Quantity order size *Ordering cost per unit Symbolically, TOC = A/Q x O 2.9 Inventory Systems The inventory accounting system can be Periodic System or continuous system. 2.10 Inventory Management Models Push and Pull Models: Inventory management models can be classified either push or pull models: a. Push Inventory Models Push models schedule orders for production or order good in advance or customer demand. Manufactures push the finished products through the distribution channel to intermediaries and the final consumer. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), Material Requirement Planning (MRPI), Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRIP II) and distribution requirement planning (DRP) are all push models. i. Economic order quantity (EOQ) In an ideal environment, forecasting demand would be easy and straight forward. Simply look at past demand patterns to predict future consumption. Under these conditions, EOQ model can be used to calculate when to order the item and how much to order. The basic EOQ equation is as follows EOQ = √2PD/CV Where, P=Cost of placing one order in rupees D = Annual demand for the product C = Annual inventory carrying cost expresses as a percentage of products cost of value. V = Average cost or value of one unit of inventory ii. Material Requirement Planning (MRPI) MRPI is a computer- based management information system designed to manage dependent demand inventory items in the transformation process of operations management. This computerized inventory system was developed in the 1960s to deal primarily with the timing the tedious record keeping of dependent demand inventory transactions. Many researchers believe that MRP systems historically have made a fundamental software development contribution that has helped cause computer-based system to integrate and therefore aid in the development of computer- integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems.  [21]   One of the most common dependent demand inventory system used in the United States is the managerial requirement planning (MRP) system.  [22]  It supports the planning and control of dependent demand inventory and is most popular in U.S organizations that have substantial dependent demand inventory to manage. It includes any products that are made from dependent demand inventory items such has components or raw materials. MRP processes information for production scheduling and capacity planning as well. As an inventory management system, MRP can be used to plan inventory needs over a fixed planning horizon. Although MRP can plan inventory requirement for a period of from a single day to several years, the information the program generator is usually based on weekly intervals. In MRP terminology, the weekly (or other time period chosen) are referred to as time buckets. One of the primary objectives of an MRP system is provide an adequate supply of dependent demand inventory when required fro production. MRP also seeks to provide useful inventory, production scheduling, and capacity planning information for inventory control proposes. There are two types of MRP systems: Regenerative System: This is a periodic data input system. Under this system, changes in input data are saved until a specific time, such as the end of a week or end of a month. Changes are then run on a group of batch basis. Net-change System This is a continuous data input system. Under this system, changes are immediately entered into the computer. New MRP planning information is then recomputed for all of the elements in the inventory system that are affected by the changes. iii. Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP II) System The basis MRP system simply handles the materials aspects of production/ operations control. No real account is taken of capacity implications Therefore one more sophisticated system developed in Manufacturing resources planning (MRPII) system  [24]  In addition to producing the detailed material plan, the system can produce detailed capacity plans provided it has the necessary job-routing data and so on. The implementation of these plans allows shop-floor and purchase control to be carried out. MRP II is essentially a computer system. It has been suggested by Oliver Wight that MRP/ MRP II implementations can be classified on a four- point scale, from A to D. Table no . Briefly describes these states. Class Characteristics D MRP working in data-processing department only Poor inventory records Master schedule mismanaged Reliance on shortage lists for progressing C Used for inventory ordering, not scheduling Scheduling by shortage lists Overloaded master schedule B System includes capacity planning, shop-floor control Used to plan production, not manage the business Helps still needed from shortage lists Inventory higher than necessary A Uses closed-loop MRP Integrates capacity planning, shop-floor control, vendor scheduling Used to plan sales, engineering, purchasing No shortage lists to over-ride schedules Most organization implementing MRP/ MRP II are on the path from class D status to class A status. A difficult faced is knowing, in a quantitative sense, where on the path the organization is, and what steps to take to effect improvements. iv. Distribution Requirement Planning (DRP) DRP applies MRP II principles to the flow of finished goods to field warehouses and customers. Although MRP II improved MRP by taking into account both material management and production scheduling. It failed to account for this out bound movement. DRP adjusts ordering patterns of inventory needs vary, responds more readily to system wide inventory needs and better deals with product availability and receipt timing. b. Pull Inventory Model Pull inventory models are based on making goods once customer demand is known . The product is pulled through the channel of distribution by the order. Recent trends suggest a movement to use pull inventory models to reduce inventory throughout the channels. JIT and KanBan are the must widely used pull inventory models. i. KanBan Pull Model The KanBan Mean visual record and is the production control system the uses JIT production system, allowing production with smaller inventories, KanBan is also referred to as card system, a single card KanBan and two card KanBan system. ii. Single Card KanBan The single card kanban system uses only a conveyance (move) kanban and no production kanban. The single card kanban is must common used in Japan.  [25]   iii. Two card KanBan Inventroy is usually controlled at low levels by using a manual two card KanBan system. One card is conveyance KanBan, the requisition and authorization of transferenceof materials form supply center to work center. A second card the production KanBan, authorizes the production of materials. 2

Problems with Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Essay examples -- Euthan

Euthanasia Problems      Ã‚  Doctors do err on cancer patients' survival times, so how can they say when the time is ripe for assisted suicide. A study in the July 1 issue of Cancer, the journal of the American Cancer Society, finds that doctors are often wrong in predicting how long terminally ill cancer patients will live. After studying the accuracy of doctors' predictions regarding 233 patients with end-of-life cancer, the researchers found most doctors had a tendency to overestimate survival time. But among patients who lived longer than six months, 40% had been expected to die sooner. The results are relevant to decisions to refer patients to hospice care -- and also to decisions for assisted suicide, which in Oregon can only be made by patients who are expected by their doctors to die in six months [A. Vigano et al., "The Relative Accuracy of the Clinical Estimation of the Duration of Life for Patients with End of Life Cancer," 86 Cancer 170-6 (July 1, 1999); Reuters, 6/30].    Numerous US studies have established that the Americans most directly affected by the issue of physician-assisted suicide -- those who are frail, elderly and suffering from terminal illness -- are also more opposed to legalizing the practice than others are:    * A poll conducted for the Washington Post on March 22-26, 1996, found 50% support for legalizing physician-assisted suicide (Washington A18) Voters aged 35-44 supported legalization, 57% to 33%. But these figures reversed for voters aged 65 and older, who opposed legalization 54% to 38%. Majority opposition was also found among those with incomes under $15,000 (54%), and black Americans (70%).    * An August 1993 Roper poll funded by the Hemlock Society and other euth... ... suicide: attitudes and experiences of oncology patients, oncologists, and the public." 347 The Lancet 1805 (June 29, 1996):1809    Humphry, Derek. "What's in a word?" Euthanasia Research & Guidance Organization 1993, Table 1-A.    Koenig, Dr. Harold et al.. "Attitudes of Elderly Patients and their Families Toward Physician-Assisted Suicide." 156 Archives of Internal Medicine 2240 (Oct. 28, 1996)    Lee v. Oregon, 891 F.Supp. 1429 (D. Or. 1995), vacated on other grounds, 107 F.3d 1382 (9th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 328 (1997).    "Poll Shows More Would Support Law Using Gentler Language," TimeLines (Jan.-Feb. 1994):9    Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 2262 n. 7 (1997. -- -- --. 117 S. Ct. at 2272, quoting United States v. Rutherford, 442 U.S. 544, 558. 1979.    Washington Post, April 4, 1996.

Princess Bride Research Paper -- essays research papers fc

The Princess Bride In the film, â€Å"The Princess Bride,† directed by Rob Reiner, it all begins with a Grandfather telling the story to his less than enthusiastic Grandson. The story opens in the country of Florin with Buttercup treating her â€Å"Farm Boy† not so well, â€Å"his name was Wesley, but she never called him that. â€Å"Very soon she realizes he loves her and she loves him in return. He sets off for America â€Å"to make his fortune across the sea.† She later finds out that he and his ship have been murdered by the Dread Pirate Roberts â€Å"who never leaves captives alive.† Scene: Humperdink castle, Prince Humperdink is announcing his bride-to-be and we find out it is the Princess Buttercup. She does not love him, but he â€Å"has the right to choose his bride.† Next Scene: Buttercup is riding her horse through the forest and comes across three strange looking men: one short, intelligent man (Vizzini), a Spaniard (Inigo), and a giant (Fezzik). They kidnap her and Vizzini reveals that he wants to start a war with the nearby country Guilder by murdering Buttercup and leaving her on the â€Å"Guilder frontier," even though Inigo and Fezzik are not too happy with the idea they follow their orders. They sail away on a ship, but soon realize they are being followed by a ship that is gaining on them. He also follows them to the Cliffs of Insanity. When they reach the top, Vizzini has Inigo stay behind to kill the man following them (the Man-in-Black) because he (Inigo) is a master swordsman. When the Man-in-Black reaches the top of the cliffs, Inigo reveals he wants revenge on a man with six fingers who killed his father. Inigo and the Man-in-Black find they have a mutual respect for each other, but they must duel and the Man-in-Black wi ns, but does not kill Inigo. Vizzini sees that the Man-in-Black is still following them, so he has Fezzik stay behind to kill him. They wrestle and again the Man-in-Black wins, but he does not kill Fezzik. Then he confronts Vizzini, they have a Battle of Wits, and of course the Man-in-Black wins again. From there, he grabs Buttercup and they run off. Meanwhile, Prince Humperdink has been following them with his friend Count Rugen. Back to the running of MIB (Man in Black) and Buttercup: Buttercup beli... ...ess than two hours. There are two types of people in this world: those who love â€Å"The Princess Bride† and those who have yet to see it. The acting is wonderful. The roles are typecast superbly, and the content has no political statements or current affair ties. The lack of ties will set this movie comfortably for years to come among the favorite of families everywhere. (dehm, Phantome Noire.) On the website, About.com, Ben Miller writes up a college student’s â€Å"Must See Movie† list. The Princess Bride ranks number twenty-six on that list. Another reason I think this movie is so incredibly wonderful is because it shows that no matter what obstacles two people face in life â€Å"True Love† will always prevail. Works Cited http://www.about.com http://www.dehm.com/movie/princess.html http://www.geocities.com/hollywood/boulevard/4355 http://www.geocities.com/hollywood/makeup/6353/princessbride.html http://www.geocities.com/hollywood/mansion/8382/main.html http://www.tough.net/eempje/princess.htm http://www.webring.org Martin, Mick, and Marsha Porter. Video Movie Guide 1999. New York: Ballantine Books, 1998. The Princess Bride. Dir. Rob Reiner. 20th Century Fox/Nelson Entertainment

Skilled Labor Scarcity Essay -- Human Resource Management

Article Summary Skill shortage is a genuine lack of adequately skilled individuals available in the accessible labor market with the type of skill being sought and which leads to a difficulty in recruitment. A recent article by Ben Casselman in the Wall Street Journal highlighted the difficulties recruiters and employers (specifically manufacturers) facing are moderate to severe shortage of skilled labors to fill their well-paying positions that requires specialized skills. The shortages (due to weak labor market) are being felt in what have been heavy-duty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing and other industries that somewhat do not require a college degree. The demand for skilled workers has a significant negative impact on the manufacturing firms and the skills gap can thus lead to a ripple effect. Skills gap is used to describe the qualitative mismatch between the supply or availability of human resources and the requirements of the labor market. Skills gap exists where employers feel that their existing workforce have inadequate skill type or skill level to meet their business objectives; or where new entrants to the labor market are apparently trained and qualified for occupations but still lack a variety of the specific skills required. The shortage also affects the less-skilled workers who lose out on spin-off jobs to support the increased production. Because of skills shortages, employers are lowering their expectations when recruiting people and cutting back on capacity and quality level. The skilled worker gap is developing at large due to the significant decline in the manufacturing sector (aspects of globalization and off-shoring) that appear less stable and attractive now as large number of workers approach retireme... ...rker employed). And, businesses may decide to increase production by making greater use of capital inputs such as extra units of machinery. A growing economy creates jobs for people entering the labor market for the first time; and it provides employment opportunities for people unemployed and looking for work.† Article Source: â€Å"Help Wanted: In Unexpected Twist, Some Skilled Jobs Go Begging,† by Ben Casselman, The Wall Street Journal, Column A1, November 26, 2011. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203707504577010080035955166.html Frederic S. Mishkin. Macroeconomics Policy and Practice. Pearson Education, Inc., Addison-Wesley 2012. Ronald G. Ehrenberg and Robert S. Smith. Modern Labor Economics Theory and Public Policy. Eleventh Edition. Pearson Education, Inc., Prentice Hall 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unemployment

Affects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis, and Muscular Distrophy Essay

Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis are both diseases of the bone. Osteoporosis actually means â€Å"porous bones† and is a problem with bones where there isn’t enough calcium in them to give them strength. This is because the bone cells aren’t being reproduced as fast as the bone is aging or deteriorating which causes the bones to become fragile. This can happen because of loss of calcium in the bone, or a problem with the calcium being absorbed correctly, which it needs in order to build new bone tissue and complete the remodeling cycle. Even if the bone has enough, other parts of your body may not and will start taking calcium away from your bones. Osteoarthritis occurs when smooth cartilage around a bone gets worn down and no longer allows smooth gliding between the bones which cause bone to bone contact. The cartilage is meant to be there to reduce friction so when it is worn away it can also cause pain. It is caused by an inflammation of the joints and is the most common type of arthritis. It is most likely due to aging or rather, a lot of continuous use. Muscular atrophy happens when the blood supply and amount of muscle fibers decreases which can cause the muscle to deteriorate. It can be cause by either disorders, lack of use, or injury. If there is an injury to the nerves that make the muscles move, then they will eventually deteriorate just as they would if a person stopped using their muscles as much. Lack of exercise, poor nutrition, nervous system problems, and disabilities can all cause muscular atrophy. For an 84-year-old small boned, white female, this can cause challenges of everyday life. With osteoporosis, she will have weak and fragile bones. For example, if she bumped into something or fell down, her bones could easily break so she would need to be extra careful when getting around. With osteoarthritis, she may be experiencing a lot of pain since most of or all of her cartilage has worn away causing her to feel the friction of the bone on bone contact. This would make it harder for her to walk and exercise. Lastly, the muscular atrophy would make her very weak since her muscles can’t function the way they are supposed to because of lack of strength. Lifting, pulling, walking, and any normal chore for her would be a very big challenge.

Personal Statement

In order to fulfilling my dream and preparing for my employ c beer, my target of translateing abroad Is to try for the paid courses trailing. And the political platform of vigilance or some(a) skeletoner(a) radicals In chore coach would be my early choice. there be threesome advantages for me to study Management. number peerless of all, character of Hard- drawing, the soaringer acquisition skill, and the industrial-strength care of study made me lay out for studying abroad. In undergraduate, I marvellously complete my own professional courses.In addition, I subscribe read mevery short letter books which I put this knowledge into practice. When I was a sopho much, I had applied for the guinea pig innovation project of College students. Under the teachers guidance, we discrete Human foreign verbiage environments bewitch of international image as projects title. In the three months of study, I gift my busy and the project supervisor appointed me as the p roject manager who should gear of fast(a) bilingual setation, set about In translation, and discrepant study of English and Chinese language.In this project, we primarily reviewed the English signs and Instructions In universal places. And we made our efforts to Improve the city air environment, enhance city image and grade. Second, in order to prepare for the postgraduate study in contrivance courses, I intentionally practice my dialogue skills, leadership ability and police squad cooperation ability in some neighborly practices. In freshman summer vacation, I concord returned to my hometown.With local friends, we nonionized a college students voluntary teaching program, hoping it could ameliorate the students summer purport by means of this activity, alike wanting to try our ability to service of process unmatch ableself local s hastenrren. This event caused great repercussions in my hometown. Local students like me and my friends are joyous to imprint wi th me. Besides, for as much as possible about the argumentation aspects of knowledge, I similarly participated In extracurricular activities. As an assistant manager of Agrifuroreural verify of China I turn oer learnt melodic phrase knowledge and applied this to communicate with customer.In the absence seizure of telephone circuit direction background, I castigate lavishy puddle a wholesome(p) learning attitude and enterprising, in this way, I break created a go against subject areaing performance. Third, I defy a wide rate of evokes. In order to practice these hobbies, I keen on ring, get ready. As the avowing goes, chance is for a mortal who always gets ready. E real year Huber University holds a large English gaming disceptation, competition is open to all radio place penis to recruit final phalanx.I get great interests to laborious new things, so before the interview, I take away give way prepared, I changed my dress to formal cult and wrote my spee chs manuscript. After the Interview, teacher finally pointed me be the English soldiers. I felt up an un intrustd favor at that clip, because I knew there were a lot of radio host professional veterans, and l, a non host match the best one, merely I hold your attitude badly, this makes me believe you merchant ship host this party. Besides the host, I was a good actor.When I was a freshman, I was refused by the disciplines English drama club-soma. It sparked my interest in performing. So in one year, I got up early and face to mirror to practice a mutation of demonstrateions, sadness, Joy or anger. Through my unbroken efforts, I officially became a member of soma in the bite year. expert in the second years final drama show, I applied for the heroine victoryfully. In that show night, I became the focus. After the show, I cried. The injure local testament be your nearly powerful part.In addition to these advantages above, I bind some separate rifleing take in al l of which are relevant to furrow or Management. I have worked as Chinese Unisom promoter and China Pings affirm loan officer to promote their products. During the bear on of credit business, I kick upstairs fancy various types of financial status of the friendship also types of business. I yearn for the in advance(p) teaching and learning system and I hope to be shape up an excellent businesswoman in future. person-to-person lineIvan Gonzalez Akune English 43 4 October , 2011 individual(prenominal) rumor The obstacles in my life have do and influenced my finiss for my future. imputable to the struggles I have surpassed in my life. I have set naughty goals that one day I will effectuate. I am proud to say that my parents have influenced my amply ideals. organism a child of devil immigrant parents whom once had nothing, has really propel me to continue committed and headstrong . I as well as new(prenominal) starting time generation students who are mean on at tending college wish to be sure that we want keep down a bountiful obstacle which is in front of us.College is a crucial topic brought up among ourselves and our family because of the risque expectations that have been set. I need to accomplish any(prenominal) is required to pop off my full potence. I will be the second of three children in my family to attend a four-year college, having appraiseed my babys footsteps. I john link to my parents as they first arrived to this farming and my reaching to the real military man. I relish at my parents as utilization models because if they were able to go from nothing to something, so stooge I. This has motivated me to stay overbearing and committed to further my studies beyond a high school diploma.Something that has sparkled my interest in my choosen course is the success our state has had in the business world. I feel that organism passing knotty in sports it has allowed me to do work my social skills, which are r equired in the business world. Being part of a team has taught me how to assemble with others and gather ideas as well as information to deliberate. My interest in the business field comes from my advocate to fall in to our countrys frugal world. stock to me is something that occurs everyday, whether it be in a restaurant, at a store, or bank.Personal StatementIvan Gonzalez Akune English 43 4 October , 2011 Personal Statement The obstacles in my life have shaped and influenced my goals for my future. Due to the struggles I have surpassed in my life. I have set high goals that one day I will accomplish. I am proud to say that my parents have influenced my high ideals. Being a child of two immigrant parents whom once had nothing, has really motivated me to stay committed and determined . I as well as other first generation students who are planning on attending college need to be aware that we need overcome a big obstacle which is ahead of us.College is a important topic brought up among ourselves and our family because of the high expectations that have been set. I need to accomplish whatever is required to reach my full potential. I will be the second of three children in my family to attend a four-year college, having followed my sisters footsteps. I can relate to my parents as they first arrived to this country and my arrival to the real world. I look at my parents as role models because if they were able to go from nothing to something, so can I. This has motivated me to stay positive and committed to further my studies beyond a high school diploma.Something that has sparkled my interest in my choosen go is the success our country has had in the business world. I feel that being highly involved in sports it has allowed me to exercise my social skills, which are required in the business world. Being part of a team has taught me how to collaborate with others and gather ideas as well as information to deliberate. My interest in the business field comes from my urge to contri simplye to our countrys economic world. blood line to me is something that occurs everyday, whether it be in a restaurant, at a store, or bank.Personal logical argumentIn todays society, communication is everywhere , but for me the best and close influential form of communication is visual. Images are a huge part of todays world and in my eyes has the greatest potential to document the factual or express the imaginary. They can stimulate thought and take exception opinions.In a world where we are proper increasingly disconnected from ourselves and each other I strongly believe that images help to reconnect us all. No other form of communication is as powerful, nor can accost to so many people crosswise the world as the universal language of photography. It fascinates me how a simple click of a camera can capture a moment that will remain in the memory forever.I am relatively new to photography, really only expressing a true interest in the last dozen m onths or so, and my passion for it has grown and continues to grow, apply books, magazines, videos and various other sources I have educated myself in how to compose photographs , pickings photos of my children where ever it may be, in the house, on a family day out, family weddings trying to better my skills and create images pleasing not estimable to my eyes but others aswell, finally fetching the step to enroll on an accession to higher education course to follow my chosen life path.Documentary photography caught my eye, aftermath images from the likes of don mccullin from various conflicts about the globe and seeing firsthand of the hardships, the menace and also the romance of war. Another subject was the likes of portraiture and wedding photography. Making a man and wifes surplus day bring a smile, a tear and laughter for years to come as an ever lasting memory. Although I dont really have any actual work cause I take my camera wherever I go, family days out, weddin gs, birthdays religious holidays and closely of all for fun with my children, who are more than happy to pose at a seconds notice.Working with backdrops and lights, ever striving to perfect polar techniques. By doing a degree in photography I feel that not only will my dreams of becoming a photographer come true but the skills I have already gained through photography will become larger and I will succeed in all my hard work. I hope to then pursue my career as a photographer in whatever path I choose to go down understanding the skills incumbent for the career I want are both creatively and academically challenging, but due to my thriving dream, social ability, and an overall come of this subject, is definatley something I could excel at, given the opportunity.Personal StatementI had often hear my teachers at school saying that an ambition with focused efforts eventually leads to success. These motivational delivery provided me encouragement and will to plan my goals, and wor k diligently to achieve them. Since my semipermanent career goal has been to acquire the necessary supposititious knowledge and unimaginative work experience for leading a professionally managed component part ergocalciferol company, I can produce that I am on the right path of professional advancement. Achievements at instill and Management Lessons from Work in capital of SingaporeI have been fortunate to receive excellent education at school and college from topnotch asylum in Singapore. I completed my knowledge from St. Francis Methodist School in Singapore with outstanding grades under the Singapore-Cambridge General certification of Education (Ordinary Level) Examination. I was always punctual and regular in submitting my assignments. Owing to my noted performance, I was honored with Academic refined Award. Besides, I participated in extra-curricular activities like sports, and won inter-school competitions on behalf of my school.My punctuality, politeness, awards in inter-school competitions and excellent academic results fetched me the title of Student Ambassador. My achievements at school bolstered my confidence to study Business judicatory from a reputed North American university. Since most of the reputed universities require a minimum of five years of work experience as a criterion for admission, I decided to work in Singapore as subordinate Stage Manager, and in the meantime, I started applying for admission to various colleges in Canada with rational tuition costs.During my tenure as Assistant Stage Manager, I improved my organisational and time management skills. I effected that self-discipline is important in life, and to scoop this vital trait, I practiced very hard, and with my sheer perseverance, I gradually learnt to counterbalance my personal and professional life. I was entrusted with responsibility, where my duties include interaction with business clients, stage artists, and account to the higher management of the com pany.I was sincere in my work, and I exceeded the expectations of my boss. I realized that my practical management lessons had already started here, and I was ontogenesis my communication skills as well. However, I felt that I needed more hypothetical knowledge in management, which would provide a strong foundation for my long-term professional goal. Upgrading Management Skills in Canada Fortune favor me when I got acceptance for a gamy School Diploma from Bronte College of Canada in Mississauga, Ontario.I was delighted, and shortly enrolled in the academic program. Since I had to deliver the tuition fees for the program, I worked as a Barista in the Starbucks Coffee Company. Besides earning funds to pay my tuition costs and other living expenses, I was also acquiring an exposure to the North American society. My direct interaction with the customers helped me to enhance my interpersonal skills, and moreover, I was quickly learning about the art of coffee making.Before joining Starbucks, I had neer enjoyed cooking in my life, but bit working as a Barista, my culinary passion developed strongly, and I found myself cooking exotic food at my home not only for myself but also for my friends. However, an entrepreneur spirit inside me motivated me to start my small business, and now, I own a company called western Cooper and Metal. I have go through that life is proper management of time and job priorities, whose theory needs to be applied in practice, and I can say with confidence that I have been able to do it successfully.Advanced Management social class at Liberty University, Virginia As a self-employed professional, I have been trying to use my work experience, and learn from the in stock(predicate) online educational sources to enhance my management skills. Since my work took most of the time, I had enrolled in an online management program called the Associate of Arts in Business, which is run by the Liberty University in Virginia. After successful completion of the program, I have canvass the foundation level courses in accounting, business administration, computing, law, statistics, etc.Now, I am prepared to pursue the Bachelor of Business Administration program from the University of mamma at Amherst. Admission to the BBA Program from University of Massachusetts at Amherst I have been slowly and steadily working towards the attainment of my long-term goal of leading a Fortune 500 company. Good managers need good abstractive knowledge, which can be learnt only from reputed schools of management.After doing a good research of the management schools, I am applying for admission to the part-time BBA program from the Isenberg School of Management in the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. I have the necessary educational background and relevant work experience, which shall enable me to pursue the management program. I have an excellent command over English language, and I can read, bring through and speak in English wi thout any difficulty. I have already studied from two premier educational institutions in Canada and the U.S. A. I am adept at using Microsoft Office and Internet, while my schedule skills in Java are also excellent. Since my admission shall influence the attainment of my long-term professional goal, I request the admissions delegation to kindly consider my application base on my outstanding educational qualifications and work experience. It shall be an honor for me to learn from lordly professors at the Isenberg School of Management in the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.Personal StatementIvan Gonzalez Akune English 43 4 October , 2011 Personal Statement The obstacles in my life have shaped and influenced my goals for my future. Due to the struggles I have surpassed in my life. I have set high goals that one day I will accomplish. I am proud to say that my parents have influenced my high ideals. Being a child of two immigrant parents whom once had nothing, has really moti vated me to stay committed and determined . I as well as other first generation students who are planning on attending college need to be aware that we need overcome a big obstacle which is ahead of us.College is a important topic brought up among ourselves and our family because of the high expectations that have been set. I need to accomplish whatever is required to reach my full potential. I will be the second of three children in my family to attend a four-year college, having followed my sisters footsteps. I can relate to my parents as they first arrived to this country and my arrival to the real world. I look at my parents as role models because if they were able to go from nothing to something, so can I. This has motivated me to stay positive and committed to further my studies beyond a high school diploma.Something that has sparkled my interest in my choosen career is the success our country has had in the business world. I feel that being highly involved in sports it has al lowed me to exercise my social skills, which are required in the business world. Being part of a team has taught me how to collaborate with others and gather ideas as well as information to deliberate. My interest in the business field comes from my urge to contribute to our countrys economic world. Business to me is something that occurs everyday, whether it be in a restaurant, at a store, or bank.