The Tempest - William Shakespeare Essay Essay Example for Free

The Tempest William Shakespeare Essay EssayAlthough William Shakespeares The Tempest is often categorized as his new-fashioned romance, its plots reflect the major social move custodyt of that timethe Europeans settling in the New World. As the Europeans eagerly set out to find the New World, they left(p) behind hopeful citizens pondering over what they would find. In The Tempest, through the characters, we can infer that the Europeans intentions ranged from creating the everlasting(a) government to interacting with the inhabitants.They discovered that their idea of the perfect government in which everyone is equal failed to live. Nonetheless, they were correct in their anticipation that the New World would already be settledby savage primordial Americans. They eventually integrated the indigenous Americans into their society as slaves. In their journey to the New World, the Europeans failed to establish an ideal government, yet succeeded in incorporating the natives into their suffer society. One of the Europeans expectations of the New World was a perfect government in which everyone would be equal.In The Tempest, Shakespeares character Gonzalo describes it as a government where there would be no occupation all men idle, all/And women too, but innocent and pure/No sovereignty. (II. 1, ll. 154-156) Even as his comrades ridiculed him, he is steadfast in his belief, and simply labels them as gentlemen of brave mettle. (II. 1, l. 181). This would seem manage the ideal government, and would work in theory. In European society in the early seventeenth century, more emphasis was placed on single out. The lower class faced many restrictions, and many citizens were infuriated with the class system.To the lower class, the hope of a perfect government in which everyone was equal was ideal. Another one of their hopes was that the natives, although barbaric, would be of great use to them when they first settled. They hoped to incorporate the Native Ameri cans into their own society. In The Tempest, Caliban, the original native of the island, originally greeted Prospero with respect When thou camst first,/Thou strokst me and made much of methen I loved thee/And showed thee all the qualities o th isle,/The fresh springs, brine pits, barren place and fertile. (I. 2, ll. 333-338) When Prospero first came to the island, Caliban went through the trouble of finding him the beat out food and water sources. Because of Calibans kindness, this shows that the Europeans believed that the Native Americans would be easy to manipulate, and thus, easy to control. They hoped to be in command of the Native Americans so that the task of controlling pairing America would be easier. To gradually incorporate the natives into their own society as slaves was one of the hopes of the Europeans.However, their hopes and predetermined ideas were found to be inaccurate. The reality was that the utopian government that the Europeans dream about did not exist. In fact, Gonzalos government was impractical. There would always be conflict, and if everyone was equal, they would feel equally poor. This would call for a sovereign, which would defeat the purpose of everyone cosmos equal. Hierarchy will always exist simply because it is human nature to strive for the best.For example, in The New World, this was reflected in the colony of Jamestown. There was always a captain in charge. A chain of order was important in order to prevent chaos in times of distress. Conversely, one of their expectations became a reality. They believed that the natives would be savages. The Europeans looked down upon the Native Americans because they appeared in many ways to be subhuman. This was due to non-Christianity, a primitive dress style, and a sense of filth Their hair is commonly black, but few have any beards.The men wear half their heads shaven, the other half longsome are of disposition fearful, some bold, virtually wary. All SavageFor their apparel, the y are some time covered with the skins of wild beastsThere is yet in Virginia no place discovered to be so Savage in which Savages have not a religion The Europeans viewed the Native Americans as inferior beings. At first, the Native Americans were inclined to incorporate the Europeans as an intermediary Americans sought to incorporate the newcomers into their universe. (Kupperman 175) They also concluded that the Europeans would be of great use to trade with. As time progressed, both the Native Americans and the Europeans strived to merge the other into their own hierarchy. (Kupperman 174) However, this attempt at incorporating the other soon proved to be futile.In The Tempest, Caliban is always plotting to overthrow Prospero (conversation with Trinculo and Stephano). This is paralleled in the Europeans constant, underlying worry that the natives would revolt against them Both the Roanoke and Jamestowncolonists inform that conspiracies against them were planned. (Kupperman 175)T he Native Americans knew their territory, and gradually developed tactics to fend off attackers. The Native Americans were highly skilled warriors, yet lacked the technology that the Europeans had. (Barbour) In addition, the Europeans had resistance to disease that overwhelmed the Native Americans. Eventually, the Europeans managed to seize power in their settlements, and incorporated the Native Americans into their civilization as slaves.Although the Europeans failed to establish a utopian government, their efforts to merge the Native Americans into their society were successful. Their ideal failed to exist simply because of human nature. Nonetheless, they integrated the Native Americans into their society as slaves. Albeit unconventional, the expectations of the Europeans were portrayed to some degree. Through The Tempest, the Europeans hope of establishing an model government did not become a reality, yet they managed to incorporate the natives.

Using named examples Essay Example for Free

Using named examples EssayUsing named examples, evaluate the economic and semi governmental impacts of disruption to heartiness supply pathways. (15) An energy pathway is the route or journey energy takes from the source country to the consuming country. It is often seen that economic and political impacts disrupt energy supply pathways. To begin with, some countries in the Middle East are quite often recognised as to having political problems much(prenominal)(prenominal) as dictatorships which leads to the formation of unstable regimes.The relationship between the Middle East and western powers like the USA are often quite severed, This proves to be mordant as such countries are reliant upon energy reserves in the Middle East. Hence matters are quite often stretched further when key players such as OPEC represent countries like Saudia Arabia and Iran in the Middle East, as well as determine fossil oil prices. This may place stress upon the USA who suffers from energy insec urity due to its energy deficit and due to its reliance and need for oil may have to face as well as set to rises in oil prices.As, it is now believed that the control over energy prices is in the hands of the suppliers due to the combination of a lack of energy reserves for finite resources and huge global demand for natural resources. Additionally unsettled geopolitical relationships between countries can lead to severed political relationships as well as huge economic losses. In 1991, 600 Kuwaiti oil wells were set on fire by Iraqi troops after the first disconnect War. The fires burned for 8 months.Not only did this impact upon the oil production of the country, but caused great economic losses in the economy, as services were to a fault required to put the fire out. Russia an energy surplus is said to be tactical with whom it supplies its natural resources to. The political conflict between Russia and Ukraine during 2006- 2008 saw Russia demanding four clock as much the price for its resources, but the failure to do so left Ukrainian gas cut off. Here we are shown an example of how political power can affect the economy.The Arctic is now seen to be a resourceful land, bringing hope for the future day and many nations. With 25% of the worlds unexploited oil reserves matching the reserves of Saudi Arabia, it also is the home to many minerals, coal, gas and diamonds. It has transformed from a once barren land, to a land of riches. consequence competition for territorial demands is seen and acted upon. The world would benefit from commercial wealth, as companies such as Shell if they were permitted to drill out oil in the now dedicated land reaping with economic wealth.However, countries outside the Arctic circle like China are showing a greater interest and desire to demand their voice of the Arctic. Here we see the growth of both economic and political power lobbying members of the Arctic circle such as Greenland and Denmark to obtain a Permanent rev iewer Status in the Arctic council. Whilst within the Arctic circle two dominant characters have conflicting views for their own benefit- Russia and the USA, causing tension to rise concerning the future of the Arctic.

Overview of Culture in Taiwan

Overview of Culture in TaiwanThe republic of China to a faultk over Taiwan and the surrounding islands from Japan in the year 1945. The functionary nomenclature utilise is Mandarin. Taiwanese people argon all citizens of the Republic of China who hold the countrys citizenship and the people living in Taiwan. There are three paradigms that are used in identifying the Taiwanese people self-identification, national criteria and the social cultural criteria. Taiwanese are popular for holding on to most of their traditions, customs and beliefs patronage the influence of modernization and external cultural influence (Schubert 2011, p. 4). In this essay, we will look at cultural aspects that define the identity of the Taiwanese Chinese and the perfume of being one.ValuesThe Taiwanese people brook a considerable diversity among them in regard to genetics, cultural and linguistic. This is as a result of the acculturation of various ethnicities and tribes within china and thousands of years of immigration (Immigrant adaptation, 2012). Confucianism has had much influence on the Taiwanese enculturation. Confucianism is known for shaping the thoughts of the Chinese and initializes the values of filial piety, which implied the conducting of plastered shared rituals (Chen 2001, p. 45).The villagers in this baseball club lavished on wedding and funeral ceremonies, imitating the Confucian virtues of the emperors. Most of the Taiwanese wear the Western style clothing with just a hardly a(prenominal) wearing the traditional clothing on a regular basis. In terms of family matters, the Taiwanese have a family manager who is in charge of income and the family chair that introduces the family to the world. The families are run on set rules and the whole family traditionally stays in a large triangular house (Chen 2001, p. 48).The cross-cultural psychology makes an front to understand individuals of antithetical closes and how they interact with each other. The impli cit finishing theory indicates that the underlying stereotypes, assumptions, beliefs, and schemas influence the way they relate with each other. The beliefs, stereotypes, and schemas differ across nuances, and effrontery that Taiwanese is formed of different people, some assimilated immigrants who come with their own beliefs, then the implicit culture can help us as a society to understand each other (Hsiau 2000, p. 67).Literature and ArtThe Taiwanese have literature and art that defines their culture. Dancing is part of the community activity which started as former(a) as 8000 years ago. A dance is the main component of Taiwan culture and involves worship and prayer. The community uses sleeves, long scarves and extensions to contribute to the unique forms of dances (Hua 2001, p. 84).Similarly, we use metaphors in this society to define peoples reference book traits. For example, the spider is used to represent varied things in society. In this society, the Spider symbolizes per sistence and patience because of its hunting technique. The spider sets webs and waits for the antedate to turn ensnared. The Taiwanese use the spider web to indicate malice and mischief since the spider has poisonous venom that kills slowly (Eberhard 1974, p. 56).The onion metaphor has been used to describe the learning styles in Taiwanese culture. The external layers of the onion represent the peoples preferences with regard to where they wish to study. As one peel the onions, the inner part represent the way people perceive information differently and the inner part of the onion represents the cognitive styles of information processing. The core of the onion represents the personality traits of the people. The metaphors describe ones character and attributes as the onions metaphor can be used to describe an extrovert or introvert (Taiwanese Literature Movement, 2011).The five factor model of personality extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, nakedness to experience and consc ientiousness are used to explain the character traits of the people in different societies. The five factor model originated from two independent explore traditions. The branch research was that of the Lexis analysis of personality terms which occurs in Natural language. Lexis analysis insists that encoded language can be used to describe the individual differences in traits. The other approach is the factor analysis which is based on different theory-based personality inventories (Martin Gates 1981, p. 91).One of the researches based on the NEO spirit Inventory established that all the five factors had strong genetic bases. Despite the fact that individual differences are substantially stable, personality traits show modest maturational changes that are briefly summarized by noting that most people tend to decline N, E, and O and increase A and C in their adulthood. The model generalizes across cultures despite the differences in history, languages, political systems, religion and other cultural features. The model considers the age differences and the sex differences too (Martin Gates 1981, p. 93).The other forms of art found in this culture include the sculpturing, drawing and music. The society has beautiful patterns of ancient cooking utensils which are as a result of sculpturing. Using pictures and paints to express the imaginative thoughts is a reciprocal happening in Taiwanese society. Similarly, the culture has classic texts such as the Art of War and the analects of Confucius (Martin 2003, p. 23).Customs, Traditions, and Practices of Taiwan CultureThe mainland China and Taiwan, the traditional Chinese customs and culture still hold sway. However, Cultural Revolution and political movements have contributed to the destruction of the culture and customs. The traditional phantasmal beliefs are almost extinct. In addition, Taiwan members in the society rarely read the classics for themselves. The Taiwanese people have been able to absorb the weste rn customs and cultures (Hsin 2012, p. 23).Taiwanese offer traditional cuisines whose richness surpasses that of Korea and Japan. The traditional festivals have been preserved, and people still do reunite with their families in these festivals. Among the festivals are the Lantern Festivals, the Chinese New year Eve, Dragon Boat Festivals, Chinese Valentine day and the Tomb Sweeping Day among others (Martin 2003, p. 23).The ancient Chinese did not celebrate their birthdays because it was seen as the day the mother to the small fry was suffering. After the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese started celebrating birthdays as a result of influence from India. The fusing of the Western and the Chinese tradition has made the celebration of birthdays more enjoyable than that of the decade. As we are not too bothered about the religious differences, we have different funeral practices in Taiwan. With the Taiwanese people having an open mind, it is easy to blend the traditional and the foreign custom s. This has resulted into a change Taiwanese culture (Liao Wang, 2006, p.81).There exist harmful socializing practices among the Taiwanese youth. On normal family interactions, a caregiver spends time with children on a conformation of playing and mundane activities. Research indicates that more than 300 events of shame are identified in over a hundred hours of video typed spontaneous fundament interactions (Katz Rubinstein 2003, p.19).Language and EthnicityTaiwan is a multiethnic and multi lingual society. The majority of the ethnic groups are the Holos with 73.3%, mainlanders 13%, Hakka 12% and the indigenous 1.7%. The Holo, Hakka and the mainlanders constitute the Han people whose language is a contrast to the Abogriges. The Abogriges differ from the Han people by their ethnic language. Language and ethnicity are bound to change with alterations in the environment. Research has indicated that the Hakka are losing their mother tongue fast-paced than their identity. The Taiwa nese identity has been promoted through its language (Davison 2004, p. 45).Religion and RitualsReligion plays an essential role in the cultural identity of the Taiwanese. The Chinese folk religion has had a profound influence on the people. Taoism and Confucianism share aspects of a religion without a demand for exclusive adherence, which culminates to cultural syncretism and tolerance. In the 20th century, the Confucianism was a state official philosophy that governed the moral code with some religious elements like the ancestor worship (Davison 2004, p. 48).One of the ancient rituals is the Ji-tong ritual. It involves people hitting themselves on the head until a gush of blood comes out. Tainan and Lugang are the destinations popularly known for the ancient Chinas culture, old temples and the traditional religious practices. Probability of witnessing the Ji-tong ritual in these places is half given that the ritual takes place on the birthdays of the Chinese gods. As such, the peop le depend much on the spiritual communication (Davison 2004, p. 56).The Taiwans indigenous people ritual is often cerebrate on the adulthood, good harvest, hunting and spirits rituals. The aim of these rituals is to request for good fortune, consolidating peoples hearts, thanksgiving and survival training. The rituals are considered the major spiritual symbols of the Taiwanese traditional culture (Davison 2004, p. 58).In-GroupsAccording to Murray Hong (1994), the Chinese culture is more of collectivist than individualist. However, both the individualist and collectivist values are endorsed in this society. Two layers of personal relationship have been identified to distinguish how people conduct their social interactions. The in-group perceives others to be part of them while the out-group does not consider themselves as part. In Taiwanese culture, our immediate family members everlastingly constitute our in-group while our current and potential enemies constitute the out-groups. As much as we are collectivists, the world sees us as middle group because we do not view the people outside the in-group as totally out-group. We do not categorize them immediately as in-group or out-group when we meet people for the first time. Being a Taiwanese teaches one to be part a member of the larger society and not to be individualistic (Murray Hong 1994, p. 64)There is elastic acculturation during the transmigration process of the Taiwanese in China. The Taiwanese government has identified three strategies that enable flexible acculturation reinvention of the ethnic identities, spatial movements and the graduated sovereignty. The different transmigration processes have been found to have influence on the Taiwanese women social image, ties to the children, careers, spatial relocation and self-perception. In the Taiwanese acculturation, we single out the extramarital personal matters surrounded by the Taiwanese men and the Chinese women (Liu 2008, p. 70).Family Importa nce in Taiwan CultureTaiwan culture emphasize on familial bonds as it shapes the culture of the entire nation. Family plays an influential role in the Chinese culture despite the modernization role of family in China has shifted. The Taiwanese believe that the family membership is ancestral through the father. This implies that families are normally headed by the Chinese male members in that family. The elders in the society command much respect and have the most pronouncement (Lu 1997, p. 96).According to the filial piety rationale, the older people within the family have the prevailing will over the younger and inferior members of the society. The culture emphasizes on give reverence to the ancestors that have passed on, especially the male with failure to do so attracts bad luck to the family. Families that lack the male descendants are thought to become volatile ghosts upon death. In the family set up, each position has its own name allocated to it. For example, fathers older brother is referred to as the Bo fu, while the younger one is shu fu. In the modern society, women are gaining more power in the family set-up which has challenged the traditional patriarchal set-up. The young ones have apparently been allowed to have a say in their future vivification unlike in the previous decades (Lu 1997, p. 96).The Chinese citizens of the Han descent had a child policy in 1979, which stipulated that a couple ought to only bear one child to themselves (Gu 2006, p. 21). The law was to help control the Chinese population boom. A couple faced a hefty fine on breaking this rule. A great number of cases of sterilization and forced abortions existed in this era. The policy was exempted for a family that bore male children as maleness is highly valued in the Chinese culture (Schubert 2011, p. 33).The relationship guanxi describes the basic dynamics in personalized networks of influence, in the Chinese society. In this relationship, the people are to be of equal soci al status. It refers to the social benefits gained from the initiate friends, extended family workmates and members of the same organization. The Guanxi relationship echoes the collectivism that is emphasized in this culture. The collectivism just as Guanxi relationship helps maintain the family and friend contacts and strengthen the bond between groups of people and family. The reciprocal favors are the ones that maintain this Guanxi web where failure to reciprocate is considered an unforgivable offense (Lin 2011, p. 42).In conclusion, being a member of the Taiwanese brings a sense of belonging. The cultures and traditions are friendly to assimilate. This has seen most immigrants being assimilated into this culture without much difficulty. The society is more accepting to the out-group than any other countries. We hold the family set up of importance to the image of the entire country. We uphold the cultural values emphasized in the Confucianism and classics. In addition, the peop le in this culture are allowed to perform their religious rituals in regard to their religion.

What is intellectuality? how and to what effect is it used in the media?

What is intellectuality? how and to what effect is it used in the media?What is inter schoolbookuality? How and to what effect is it used in the media?Inter schoolbookuality move be discussed on m either(prenominal) different levels. However, I have sight that when thinking of intertextuality in contemporary media, my mind recalls those who founded intertextuality and ar now an inspiration from their various approaches to this topic. Indeed, intertextuality mirrors its ever- toast service as a course of formalizing a vast number of different techniques and effects in literature and in the media. Speaking in the light of this, I shall discuss the various concepts many linguistics fail which revolve around the relationships between various interconnected texts in media studies. I also aim to explore intertextuality as a literary term, go I hope to illustrate the elements which reinforce intertextuality as an effective device used widely in the media today.Firstly, however, I wou ld identical to discuss the term intertextuality. Intertextuality can be described as the shaping of texts meaning to other texts. This idea portrays the meaning of a text belonging exclusively to its authors intentions, as the former text to a readers referencing of atomic number 53 text in reading another. Intertextuality is the word coined by Julia Kristeva, a French linguist who has written much on this topic. She proposed the idea that a text should not be interpreted merely by its words, but also studied based on other works it has adapted. Kristeva referred to texts in terms of 2 axes horizontal axis (subject-addressee) and vertical axis (text-context) coincide, bringing to light an important factor each word (text) is an intersection of word (texts) where at least one other word (text) can be read. (Kristeva, 1980) Bonding these two axes can be meant they are shared codes which leaves every text and every reading depending on prior signs or symbols. Kristeva declared tha t every text is from the outset under the jurisdiction of other discourses which impose a universe on it (Kristeva, 1980). In Mikhail Bakhtins work, these two axes, which he calls dialogue and ambivalence (Bakhtin cited in Kristeva, 1980), are not clearly separated. He pleads that any text is constructed as a mosaic of quotation any text is the absorption and transformation of another. The notion of intertextuality re functions that of intersubjectivity, and poetic language is read as at least double. (Bakhtin cited in Kristeva, 1980) This debate between Kristeva and Bakhtin shows that there are conflicting views surrounding this topic concerning various terms applied which open further discussion on the meaning of intertextuality as a literary term.Kristeva follows to argue that any text, as a concept allows one to think about how language is arranged in ways which undercut its communicative purposes, meanwhile exposing the codes that shed light on the creation of linguistic mess ages. The text provides one with the conceptual means by which to theorize and thus analyze the formation and deformation of the human being that takes place in the circuits of symbolic exchange. (Kristeva, 1980) On the other hand, Roland Barthes (1977) introduces his concept and definition to intertextuality as woven entirely with citations, references, echoes, cultural language which cut across in done and through with(predicate) in a vast stereophony. The intertextual in which every text is held, it itself being the text-between of another text, is not to be confused with some(prenominal)(prenominal) origin of the text rather the citation which go to make up a text anonymous. (Barthes, 1977 cited in Graham Allen, 2003) However, Barthes declares that the concept of text is that related to the concept of intertextuality by explaining that a text is a multidimensional space in which a variety of writings, none of them original, blend and clash. The text is a tissue of quotatio ns The writer can only imitate a gesture that is always anterior, never original his only power is to mix writings, to counter the ones with the others, in such a way as never to rest on any one of them (Barthes, 1977 cited in Allen, 2003). This shows that Barthes believes that text convey a meaning imparted to it by its author and is keen to evacuate the misinterpretation of his defintion and relationship between text and intertextuality, different from all linguistics. Conversely, it can be said that all the above arguments show the concept of intertextuality launched in company to identify a fundamental dialogue of discourses and texts.Perhaps intertextuality as a phenomenon presents certain difficulties precisely because it is so widespread. A particularly important problem has to do with the fact that the concept of intertextuality appears to be infinitely expandable (Allen, 2003). This problem is complicated when applied in literary studies. However, Jonathan Culler (1998) f ound a way much easier to explain a way in which intertextuality can be a childliker term to understand. He applied the linguistic concept of presupposition to the way a text produces a pre-text or draws attention to its own conventions.(Culler 1998) Intertextuality through Cullers quote can be explained, for instance if a reader picks up a book and reads its introduction or the blurb (pre-text) and engages with it, and then later decides to buy the book in order to discover the full story. Notably, texts do dialogues but it could be difficult to imagine dialogues without some notion of the author (Anker Gemzoe, 1997). In other words, Gemzoe explains that although work can be seen as part of an authors belonging, it is usually difficult to read or dissect any text without some concept of the work. These objections do not invalidate the idea of intertextuality in literary studies, but they make it clear that it should be handled with care (Gemzoe, 1997).Furthermore, Norman Fairclo ugh (1992) and John Fiske (1991) comment on the concept of intertextuality to expose an awareness of both its promise and limitations. (Fairclough and Fiske cited in Allen 2003) Fairclough thought to introduce a systematic approach to intertextuality in order to involve various categories and types designed to make the basic concept (Fairclough, 1992) easier to apply. Accordingly, he points to a useful division between manifest intertextuality and interdiscursivity (Fairclough, 1992). Manifest intertextuality is implied to be subdivided into the following categories Discourse representation, presupposition, negation, metadiscourse and irony (Fairclough 1992). Interdiscursivity is more complicated because it construes the categories in question as genres and styles (Fairclough 1992). The idea of genre here, embraces the others as it sets the rules for styles and discourses. Culler states in his study of interdiscursivity that it depends on several presuppositions (Culler, 1998).Howev er, Gemzoe draws particular attention to some significant theoretical suggestions involved in Kristevas earlier coining of the term intertextuality. In Gemzoes opinion Kristevas gesture involved a unfavorable confrontation with the subject, representation, narrative and the work as an autonomous entity (Gemzoe, 1997). The subject and the idea of representation are changed by a written structure with its own structures of reference. twain of these four suggestions could make any use of the concept of intertextuality ambiguous in a literary context, even if the concept is acknowledged as somehow all-important(a) (Gemzoe, 1997).Generally, intertextuality is seen to be used widely in the media. We interact with media everyday during our daily routines. Wither we read youthfulspapers before going to work, or listen to the radio while driving our cars, or watch the television or a take in in our free time or even read an advertisement displayed on a wall we are all part of this medi a world or society in which we live in. However, from all the above arguments and definitions, it has been clearly recognized that intertextuality is present in literary studies. However, in media studies, intertextuality is obvious in some types of media than others. Fiske (1987) identifies intertextuality as a main supplier to the ways in which media texts make meaning culturally. He argues that text relate to other text both similar, and different, and in doing so make meaning for audiences. In the light of this, I shall start identifying examples of intertextuality used in a newspaper article, television soap, and music videos and in films. Not all newspapers contain intertextuality. The reason for this relates back to the type of paper. For examples, tabloids are known for their conversational and simple language which is written in favour for all age groups. Intertextuality is therefore most obvious in tabloids than in the quality paper. For instance, in the Daily send out O nline, there is an article on Rita Simon from EastEnders revealing I hate the muffin tops Ive developed since having children. This example of hating muffin tops is the way she expresses her feelings towards the un-likeliness to her round like shape of her bust and later claims she would like perkier boobs. This example of intertextuality was not seen as a directly clear and profound one rather it was hidden through the phrases used to portray another image. This technique is used effectively in newspapers and in this example, to focus on a particular subject to overlap the importation of another subject.Speaking of EastEnders, it can be said that the title of this soap itself, displays a clear heading of intertextuality in television. As known, EastEnders is set in the handed-down working class area in the London Borough of Walford, in the East End of London. The word enders can be suggested to be the plural of the individual who lives in the east end, and thus this represents th e lifestyle of the east in London. Fiske states that discourse about television is itself a social force. It is a major site of the meditation of television meanings, a site where television meanings fuse with other meanings into a new text to form a major interface, (Fiske, 1987). In examining a films intertextuality, therefore, it is scoop to look at the prior texts that influenced the film which that film takes up and makes into something new. Even if the film is mostly similar to its previous chance variable, intertextuality can still be identified. For example, when discussing the filmThe Matrix, as this film is an example of intertextuality. It draws upon texts of Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu religions. Also, the filmSlumdog Millionaire is another film name which draws our attention to the original name of the international, most famous program Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? The films name derives from this well known program but is used to portray the life of a Mumbai tee nage boy who grows up in the slums, becomes a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? Following to this, music videos is a genre which is seen to rely heavily on the use of intertextuality to carry out a particular effect. Often this borrowing of a text to link it to a second one is stylistic. This means that a text will pantomime or copy certain stylistic features of another text. Usually this is done in order to create a particular impact, although there may be instances where this borrowing may seem simply a matter of convenience to give a music video, for example, a particular look. For example, Christina Aguilera in her music video Hurt dyed her hair blonde and cut it short, used red lipstick and took on a Marilyn Monroe look many of her fans believed she is one of the main proponents in bringing back the 1920s and 1940s. This, however, has always been the image of Marilyn in everybodys mind therefore Christinas transformation had helped leave an im pact on the viewers to sell her wiz quicker making it number one in the charts in 2005. For the viewers here, the power of the image of the original text (Marilyn Monroe) is likely to be carried through into the new text (Christina Aguilera).In this study, I have interpreted the multiple meanings of intertextuality by many academics as a literary term and followed to examine how effective it is through examples I showed in the media. In conclusion to intertextuality in the media, it can be said that it acts as a communicative occurrence meaning that its presence helps analyse many genres, texts, media discourses etc. Without intertextuality, I believe it is partly difficult to understand where an original piece of text came from and how it developed into becoming a new version of that original. Although I did not study all the media type in order to finalize my opinion on intertextuality in the media, however I believe that with the incessant revolutionized techniques the media us es to portray any sort of text or image intertextuality will need to keep up with this development and thus catch up with the what is supposed internet era in which we live in today.

Developing a marketing strategy at Tesco

Developing a marketplaceing strategy at Tescomerchandising is to establish, maintain and enhance relationship with clients and former(a) partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of the parties involved atomic number 18 met. This is achieved by mutual ex agitate and fulfilment of promises. Brassington F and Pettitt S( FT Prentice h each(prenominal),2006)Developing a marketing strategy is a very fragile process and all organizations support additional effort for it to gain customers.Customers noesis is very essential to gain them. Marketing strategy has a vital role to play in an organization. Customer relationship is very important for a craft. Customer needs should adhere to organisational objectives and this is important. In a nutshell we argon statisfying needs of customers with profit. According to the Chartered Institute of Marketing, they offer recognised qualifications and trainings and overly provide advice on marketing, their base line is SATISFYING NEEDS AND WA NTS OF CUSTOMERS AT PROFITMarketing strategy should be adhered to customer needs and wants.Customer is an essential portion of an organisation, his likes and dislikes, thoughts and wants change with time. Its very natural, that human beings change their attitude, desires after a certain time period. The strategy should respond to those changes feelingively.To capture market, companies should adopt affective techniques. Customer should know what we are doing.Monitoring and control after strategy implementation is very important.COMPANY PROFILE OF TESCOTesco PLC holds the leading position among food retailers in Great Britain, with a market packet that exceeds 15 percent. In England, Scotland, and Wales, the company runs 588 supermarkets, 257 of which are super injectsstores that sell food items in addition to a variety of other harvest-homes, including gasoline, clothing, housewares, and alcoholic bev epochges. Tesco also operates 32 stores in Northern Ireland and 77 in the Repub lic of Ireland under various brands, 43 in Hungary under the Global and Tesco names, 31 in Poland under the Savia name, and 13 in the Czech Republic and Slovakia under the Tesco brand. In Northern Ireland, the company also runs 52 Wine Barrel off-license outlets. Tesco is the largest independent gasoline retailer in Britain its 288 gas stations sell 12.5 percent of the gasoline sold in the United Kingdom. Recent company innovations involve the Clubcard loyalty card as substantially as offerings from Tesco Personal pay, which include a grocery budgeting account called Clubcard Plus, a Tesco Visa Card, and a Tesco savings account.http//www.referencefor phone line.com/history2/11/Tesco-Plc.htmlBASIC mean RULES FOR A schemaVISION AND MISSIONAll companies involve their vision and mission statements which describe the organization.Some organizations have two statements. Reputed companies have one vision statement.It is a small explanation of an organizations future.What is the busi ness?Customers?How value of customer can be increased?Tesco Vision isEVERY LITTLE HELPS A LOTConceptA strategy should be customer oriented, customer companionship is essential. To know your customer, customer diversification in categories is important. They can be divided into segments according to their liking and disliking trends. A market question can be conducted to know the trends. After trend analysis, competitive advantage can be attained.According to the Chartered Institute of MarketingMarketing is the centering process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements profitably.For select oriented customers we should make a strategy that d grosss their attention to our quality intersection points and prices. Strategy should match our strengths.After strategy formulation, customer cognisance is important. We need to develop channels to makle the customers aware of our offers.Systematic ApproachTo develop a systematic approach is hard and fragile task th en all the other marketing tasks. Its id nutshell which includes all the companies objectives and plans.(Malcolm Macdonald,2008)Sequencing and scheduling of ActivitiesOrganisational managers are responsible for executing all the marketing activities and scheduling them. The main steps to make the execution on time are1 Identify activities to be performed2 Determine the time required for activity completion3 Determine the activity sequence.4 Timing of all activities.5 Assign responsibility(O.C Ferrel,Michael D,2007)Integration of activitiesIntegration are of two typesSimpleComplexIn simple, organizations subcontract the easy activities to other countries and alimentation complicated duties to themselves. Small companies support this strategy.In complex, the companies make decisions at the headquarters.(Bradley F,2005)Resource requirementsCompanies go with diversification if they have strong assets. Such Organizations introduce themselves in markets where the resources are according to their abilities. They have more opportunities if the resources are general. (Bradley F,2005)Time ScalingTime scaling is of two types1 Production time scale2 commercial message time Scaleboth of them have various requirements according to the returnion and Marketing departments of the organization.(Suerie C,2005)Implementation and control-A plan is nonhing unless it degenerates into work.(peter drucker) Control is the mood that we catch faults in strategy.Types of control-Annual plan controlProfitability controlEfficiency controlStrategy controlSTRATEGIC MARKETING PLANNING PROCESSThis Process consists of a pattern of sensible steps that are taken to arrive at a Marketing plan.The next step would be to analyze the Market.In score to analyze the market there are some dimensions which need to be covered.Growing submarketsSize of MarketsMarket offshootProfitability of Market social system of CostDistribution systemDevelopment and TrendsSuccess indicators(Mcloughlin D, A.Aker D, 2010)SETTING MARKETING OBJECTIVESThere are two factorsCustomer oriented objectivesMarket oriented objectivesBoth objectives should be designed to earn profit and gain customer.Goal setting should keep the organizations internal and external environments in centre.Only then a hard-nosed business strategy can be developed.The goals should be smart, measurable, realistic, achievable, specific and time bound.(McCorkell G,1997)http//www.businesslink.gov.ukSTRATEGIC MARKETINGA strategy is a plan that integrates an organizations major goals,policies,decisions and sequences of action into cohesive whole.(Proctor T,2000)MARKETING STRATEGYA marketing strategy should be coherent to the marketing plan. It should always be the same practically.SEGMENTATIONIn order to put in place a marketing strategy, the first step is to understand the market. Divide the market in to unalike categories. E.g. the business sector is massive market. This market can be categorized business nature. Banking fab rication is separate market. Steel industry is a separate market and similarly Textile is a separate market.The next step is to analyse, number of businesses working in each sector. Size of each business, their level of working.After doing this analysis, customer trends need to be analyse , what do they want. Then after analysing we should be understand where we have the competitive advantage. And how can we bring it to use.POSITIONINGPositioning means to make an image in the mind of the customer. His perception about us. What he thinks about us. What do we want him to think. How can we do that is part of the marketing strategy. Some businesses want to offer quality and some offer cheaper rates. This is where we want the customer class comes in. Does he fall in the higher class, middle class or lower class.MARKETING varietyAfetr segmentation, market selection and positioning the product, the next step is to make a marketing mix. Business should then evaluate its different marketin g mix strategies which include the 4 ps.According to Adcock et alThe right product, in the right place, at the right time, and at the right pricePRODUCTOrganizations should work on the product. How the customer values the product. It also depends a little on the company where it wants to draw attention.Existing products should have a different line of action on how the product should be modified.PRICEThe price aspect is critical. If customers want quality at any price. Then in the above P(Product), the company might focus on quality. If the price set is low then the customer might see it as low quality, others might favour it to meet the finances.PLACEAccessibility is the final result to gain customers. Products available to customer in his local area, then this is an advantage. Because if products are of basic or daily needs, customers have many options and will prefer the close one. Internet shopping is another plus point.PROMOTIONCustomer awareness to product is also important. Either through internet, media or print media. Until and unless the customer does not have the knowledge, we wont make any sales.TescoTesco,s way promotion are advertising, public relations, direct mail, sales promotion and personal sellinghttp//www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.phpThese were the 4ps. For more detailed and comprehensive study, 3 more ps were includedPEOPLEAn organisation needs to make sure that its resources such as the employees are to the full trained. They should have enough product knowledge to satisfy customers.PROCESSESThe processes of the company should be efficient enough to handle customers and satisfy them according to their needs.PHYSICAL EVIDENCEThis factor refers to the companys appearance. How the employees look, the premises. These elements put an immense impression about the business in their mind.http//www.businesslink.gov.ukDISADVANTAGESThese tools are just like the ingredients of a strategic marketing plan. If a ny one of it is not foc employ and given a detailed consideration then chances are of failure.TOOLS AND TECHNIQUESSWOT ANALYSISIf an organisation works honestly with it self, this will lead to success. A business should look in its internal and external environments. For every(prenominal) business it is important that it analyses its strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threats (SWOT analysis). Then it realises where it stands. After it knows what its actual picture is, then thence strategies should take shape.A companys strength could beGood customer serviceGood offers, packagesExcellent knowledgeAccording to a report some of Tesco,s strengths areDiverse ranges of products Open 24 hours service Strong flow of cash Increasing turnover and profits Strong Balance Sheet Growing Supermarket grasp Brand Awareness Online Shoppinghttp//www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.phpWeaknessesWeaknesses could be likeLack of resourcesAverage reputationAccounting system is not goodTesco,s weaknessesThere is a mind positioning of low quality -(Tesco value brands) Lack of local knowledge of customers and cultureTHREATS Competition which is strong Unpredictability in Price of raw materials Recession Shift of market to globalisation Takeover bidshttp//www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.phpOpportunitiesInternet as a source of new marketsNew technologies can help product improvement.ThreatsNew competitor in markethttp//www.businesslink.gov.ukIn order to identify the Macrofactors, we useStep stands for Social, Technological, Economic, Political factorsSteeple Social, Technological, Economic, Ecological, Political factors, Legal and Ethical Fators. stamp Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Ecological factors.Now these three tools vary from organization to organization.(Blythe J, 2006)PESTLEExternal environment includes the forces outside the organisation. Its called the PEST analysis. PEST are the fa ctors that make the business wade in the external environment. But businesses have to survive.POLITICALPolitical changes also affect the business. If a new regulation is imposed like taxes, this could effect the companies cost.TESCOAfter the European Integration and agreement of free trade, the market has opened up for British Companies to invest in Eastern Europe. Tesco already has 60 Hypermarket store in Hungary.ECONOMICEconomic factors like change interest rates, exchange rates also affect the business.SOCIALSocial factors include change of lifestyle, fashion, attitudes of batch which change convey for certain product.TescoChanges in consumer demands, trends and lifestyle show both opportunities and threats for the company. Opportunities in terms of new market and consumers, however, there are added threats of developed Swedish retailers.http//www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.phpTECHNONLOGICALTechnology has immensely changed the way businesses work now.TescoChanges in retailing sales through the Internet is now very common. Paperless operation, access through promise servers provide flexibility in the business running. Sweden is going through technological development with companies like Ericsson, Tesco would enjoy the logistic and distribution channels already in placehttp//www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.phpLEGALTescoNational legislation for health and safety both in terms of consumer rights and also in terms of production of have natural renewable resources for making clothesENVIRONMENTALBusinesses do not have control over these factors what they can do is reactto these changes by accordingly adjusting the SWOT environment.http//www.businesslink.gov.ukBCG MATRIXStars?Cash cowsDogsThis tool is used by businesses to evaluate their different business units (SBU).It was developed by the Boston Consulting group. It places the different SBUs of the business in each quadrant according to t heir market grapple and reputationSTARSThese products are market leaders have good market share and growthCASH COWSThese products have high market share in low growth markets.QUESTION MARKThese have low market share in high growth markets. These products need considerable thought if they should be supported or not. They are not generating much income.DOGSThese products have low share in low growth markets. Very poor performance and should be withdrawn.(L. Kurtz D,2008)PRODUCT LIFE CYCLEIt is a model which represents the life of a product. It has 4 basic stagesINTRODUCTIONThe product is developed and introduced in the market.GROWTHThis phase of the cycle is where the product gains market share and generates income.MATURITYIn this stage the product has achieved the maximum share and is at its maturity point.DECLINEAfter achieving the maximum share the product undergoes a decline phase where it has no more demand for it self.(Saaksvuori A,Immonen A,2008)Product Life Cycle ModelPORTER S FIVE FORCES MODELThreat of new EntrantsIndustry competitorsBargaining power of Supplier Bargaining power of emptorSubstitute ThreatPorter argued the strategy is not just as series of models at the corporate level of strategy. He noted that strategy includes analyzing potential drop entrants, suppliers,buyers,substitutes, and competitors.BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERIt is the ability of the buyer to bargain. This power increases as the buyer has more options to buy from.NEW ENTRANTSThese are the new companies entering into the industry and are a threat to the existing ones.BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERIt is the ability of the suppliers to decide the price for their product and the terms.SUBSTITUTE THREATAlternate products offered by companies for a particular product are also threat to existing entities.(Michael J. Stahl, DavidW. Grigsby,1997)MARKETING STRATEGY OPTIONSAccording to Michael Porter, orgaizations can continue with three strategies,1 distinction Strategy2 Cost Leadership3 Focus StrategyDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGYThis strategy is used by an organization to make itself different from other businesses. This strategy helps the organization to burster more from customers as compared to competitors. One thing is for sure that if customers get extra value they can pay more.Rolex watches charge more for there product. They earn their reputation by the quality of metal, stainless steel. They undergo special test for quality assurance.COST LEADERSHIPThis strategy is used by companies to boost sales. They reduce their cost slightly below the cost of rivals and sell the products more.Timex has been a cost market leader for long. They make simple watches at low price for mass market.FOCUS STRATEGYOrganizations using this strategy focus at particular market or group of buyers. Organizations might make thier focus using differentiation or cost leadership strategy in that specific market.(Ricky W. G,2007)CORE COMPETENCESThese are skills used by organizations to provi de customers with extra benefits.Competences could beSpeedConsistencyAcuityAgilityInnovativeness(Hamel.G, Prahalad CK,1996)RISING EXPECTATIONSCustomer expectation has increased due to companies continuing improvement towards their product to satisfy them. Since every company competing with Tesco is giving almost comparable products so the only way to get an edge is to give something extra to surprise them. Employee training is also very important to cope with customer expectation like giving a free delivery at home.TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGETechnology is changing at a very fast rate so companies need to be good supporters or followers.Tesco can and is amend towards reducing the ques inside the stores by improving the websites so grocery orders can be taken online.COMPETITIONCompetition has increased tremendously in many industries and so many companies who were weak have fallen out, due to added factor weak economic conditions.Tesco club card scheme has really helped it to get through th e economic condition.GLOBALISATIONIn this era every business considers and makes decisions according to the international market. Now the world has developed it self to be a global village. Spread of information, media, internet many different of doing business online has raised the competition even more.(Doyle.P, Stern. P, 2006)Tesco is becoming a growing chain and is one. This chain has helped it to secure strong profits.It has and should continue to operate in other countries to gain customer bank and explore new markets.IMPLEMENTATION.Tescos functional areas areAdministrationThe administration department should keep the internal operations maintained.FinanceFinance department should take care of cash flows and also take measures to control cost with out effecting profit.MarketingMarketing department should focus on sales increase and product training for employees.Research and developmentResearch and development should maintain the standards of product quality.Information Techno logyTesco has introduced self checkout machines through which masses can pay themselves instead of waiting in ques.If the objective is to increase sales.To increase the sale, Tesco should work on its sales and marketing Department. Employee training is important. Product knowledge for employees so that customer satisfaction is guaranteed. It will help the human resource to market the product and give the customer what they need. As a result, we will sustain an increase in sales. Customer awareness is very essential.E-marketing is also an important tool in this era to make it easy for people to buy products online.It is more easy for people to do transactions online and get delivery on time.CONCLUSIONIn a nutshel, i would say that marketing should have strait-laced department in every business and it should work on an genuine plan. The rules and principles of marketing should be adhered to make the marketing plan successful. A company should also keep up with its functional areas so that the plan work smoothly.

Developing an Opacity Sensor :: Opacity Sensors Technology Essays

Developing an Opacity SensorThere is a huge range of different sensors in this world, designed todetect changes in temperature, size, duration and many other importantfactors.Their ability to do this makes them valuable for use in industry, inparticular, production processes.I have chosen to develop a sensor which measures the concentration ofsolution, suitable for the factory production of pre-diluted fruitsquashes. The sensor can control the machinery via a servo-mechanism,indicating whether more squash needs to be added.The circumstance in which my sensor is to be used is an importantconsideration as it determines a suitable sensitivity and resolution.Factors to consider when designing a sensor sensitivenessThe ratio of change of output to change of input. A very sensitivesensor will give a big change of output for a small change of input. Asensor which detects very small changes of input will need to be verysensitive so these changes can be observed.ResolutionThe smallest chang e the sensor can detect in the quantity it ismeasuring. If you had a quantity which was paradeed as 0.0076, thissensor would have quite a advanced resolution (depending on what it wasmeasuring). If the last digit were fluctuating this would be themaximum resolution of the sensor as it can only just resolve a changeof that magnitude 10,000th.A cooks oven may only need a resolution of 5C whereas a babymonitoring system requires a resolution of 0.5 1C.Response timeThe time a sensor takes to respond to a change in input. If changesoccur more rapidly than this thence they will usually be averaged out.The response time should be suitable to detect important changes asthey occur. SystematicMost sensors are affected by changes in temperature, even those thatarent designed to detect them. Some sensors may also be affected byother environmental changes depending on their methods of detection,for exemplification a LDR might produce different readings on a sunny day ifthe whole system isnt enclosed. Such influences will produce readingsthat display the correct trend but each reading is erroneous by thesame amount. For this reason systematic errors are difficult to detectand an only by making another more accurate measurement. Today smartsystems process information to compensate for disturbing influences.Noise, random error, fluctuationsThe input signal may quaver or the sensor itself may generatenoise. Unsystematic variations are present in all experimental dataand their size determines the reliability of the data and limits the clearcutness with which a measurement can be made. Taking an average overrepeated measurements can improve the final result

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Untuk menggapai kecemerlangan sesebuah negara itu hendaklah mewujudkan inovasi dalam kurikulum dan kokurikulum dalam sistem pendidikan pembelajaran negara agar kandungan ilmu yang diajar mampu melahirkan pelajar yang berdaya saing sehingga di peringkat anatarabangsa. Begitulah bunyi nya kata-kata hikmat oleh Ghani Nasir (2010). Inovasi juga perlu agar negara dapat melahirkan pelajar yang tetap utuh dalam mempertahankan jati diri dan identiti bangsa Malaysia. Inovasi yang telah dilakukan dalam kurikulum sekolah hendakah bersifat kontekstual yang mana lebih tertumpu ke arah kebolehan untuk berfikir secara kritis dan kreaatif. Sifat-sifat ini perlu ditanam dalam diri pelajar kerana ia diyakini mampu membangkit minat ingin belaajar dan meneroka dalam kalangan pelajar.Ghani Nasir (2010) juga ada mengatakan bahawa para pendidik hendaklah memanfaatkan pengintegrasian ICT dan teknologi sebagai pendedahan terbaru kepada para pelajar malah ia juga sesuai dijadikan sebagai alat bantu mengajar d alam kelas. Penggunaan ICT dan teknolgi dalam kelas adalah digalakkan sama sekali untuk memacu keceme...